1、Designation: F2987 12Standard Specification forCorrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine HeapLeach Aeration Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methodsfor materials, workmanship, dimensions, perfo
3、rations, pipestiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality ofextruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking ofcorrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heapleach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (4inch), 150 mm (6 inch), 200 mm (8 inch), 250 mm
4、 (10 inch)300 mm (12 inch), 375 mm (15 inch), and 450 mm (18 inch)diameter.1.2 This specification covers double wall, annular extrudedcorrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1.1.3 The values given in parentheses are provided for infor-mation purposes only.1.4 The following precautionary cav
5、eat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 9, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine t
6、he applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD1600 Terminology forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2412 Test Method for Determination of External LoadingCharacteristics of Plastic Pipe by
7、 Parallel-Plate LoadingD2444 Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resis-tance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of aTup (Falling Weight)D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsD3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differe
8、ntial Scanning CalorimetryF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe2.2 Federal Standards:3Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agenci
9、es)Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) TechnicalManual: Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams: BestPractices for Design, Construction, Problem Identificationand Evaluation, Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, andRepair2.3 Military Standard:3MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3. Termin
10、ology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions used in this specification are inaccordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are inaccordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise speci-fied. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 splitany break or
11、 crack that extends through thewall.3.2.2 creasea deformation that cannot be removed like adent: generally associated with wall buckling.3.2.3 leachingminerals are removed (leached) from oresthat have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious padsfor removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation
12、 of thesolution through the ore, and collection of that solution at thebottom of the heap leach pile.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shallinclude the following information to adequately describe thedesired product:1This test method is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.26 on OlefinBased Pipe.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. DOI: 10.1520/F2987-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.Copyright ASTM Interna
15、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,4.1.2 Perforations:4.1.2.1 With perforations,4.1.2.2 Without perforations,4.1.3 Diameters,4.1.4 Total meters of each pipe diameter involved,4.1.5 Pipe laying leng
16、th,4.1.6 Fitting type(s):4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline andbranch diameters, and4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.5. Significance and Use5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard areintended for deep underground applications under harsh chemi-cal exposure from
17、 a corrosive effluent where they serve as heapleach pile aeration pipe under a mine heap or dump leachingprocess. Their major use is to aerate the pile to improve thechemical extraction of the desired metal by the leachate Heapleaching is used to extract copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver,uranium, o
18、r zinc.6. Materials6.1 Pipe and FittingsThe pipe and fittings shall be madeof virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements ofSpecification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E,except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greaterthan 2.0% but not exceed 3.0%. Compounds that ha
19、ve a highercell classification in one or more performance properties shallbe permitted all other product requirements are met. For slowcrack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using thenotched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to theprocedure described in 9.9.1. Samples shall
20、be taken from theextruded pipe supplied to the project. The average failure timeof the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single testspecimens failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken from theextruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimumOxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minute
21、s when tested in accor-dance with in accordance with ASTM D3895.6.2 Rework MaterialClean rework material, generatedfrom the manufacturers own production of this product, maybe used by the manufacturer provided that the tubing andfittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.7. Genera
22、l Requirements7.1 WorkmanshipThe pipe and fittings shall be homoge-neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practicalin color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free ofcracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or otherdefects that are visible to the naked eye and that
23、 may affect thewall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holesintentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction toflow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance:7.2.1 Nominal SizeThe
24、 nominal size for the pipe andfittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall bethe minimum inside diameter as shown in Table 1, rounded tothe closest whole number.7.2.2 Inside DiameterThe actual inside diameter forsingle profile wall and double profile wall shall be theminimum inside
25、 diameter with a +4.5% or0%tolerancewhen measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table1.NOTE 1The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of productsmanufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or t
26、he samemanufacturer shall be verified.7.2.3 Minimum Crown, Liner Wall ThicknessThe mini-mum wall thickness of the pipe crown shall meet the require-ments given in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4.FIG. 1 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-SectionTABLE 1 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe
27、DimensionsMinimum InsideDiameterMinimum Pipe Stiffnessat 5 % DeflectionMinimum CrownThicknessMinimum LinerThicknessmm in. kPa lbs/in/in mm in. mm in.75 3 345 50 0.64 0.025 0.5 0.020100 4 345 50 0.64 0.025 0.5 0.020125 5 345 50 0.69 0.027 0.5 0.020150 6 345 50 0.71 0.028 0.5 0.020200 8 345 50 0.91 0.
28、036 0.6 0.024250 10 345 50 1.22 0.048 0.6 0.024300 12 345 50 1.80 0.071 0.9 0.035375 15 290 42 2.21 0.087 1.0 0.040450 18 275 40 3.05 0.120 1.3 0.051600 24 235 34 3.05 0.120 1.5 0.060F2987 1227.2.4 LengthThe pipe shall be supplied in any lengthagreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length
29、 shallnot be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured inaccordance with 9.5.7.2.5 PerforationsPerforations shall be cleanly cut, placedin the valley of the corrugation rib, and uniformly spaced alongthe length and circumference of the pipe. Pipe connected bybell and spigot joints shall not be
30、 perforated in the area of thebells and spigots. Perforations shall be placed in the top 120of the pipe.NOTE 2For heap leach aeration pipe systems, the perforation openarea will vary throughout the pipe run to achieve even distribution of theair through the heap leach pile. Some non-perforated pipe
31、is required aspart of the air distribution manifold system.7.2.6 Perforation coversPerforations must be protectedfrom plugging with ore by a cover or hat as shown in Fig. 2.This cover must permit air the be discharged through theopenings between the corrugation valleys and the cover (or“hat”). The c
32、overs are equal in thickness to the pipe couplings,are produced with resins compatible to the pipe, and welded atboth longitudinal ends to the corrugation crests by extrusionwelding. Perforation covers shall be clearly marked (color,large lettering, numbers) identifying the perforation patternunder
33、it. Spacing of the perforations and covers are determinedby the design engineer (typical 2 meters apart).7.2.7 Crown MarkingThe perforated pipe shall have clearmarking, such as a stripe, colored spots, etc., identifying thepipe crown centered over the perforations.7.3 Pipe StiffnessThe pipe shall ha
34、ve a minimum pipestiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall asshown in Table 1, when tested in accordance with 9.7.7.4 BrittlenessPipe and fitting specimens shall be tested inaccordance with 9.8.7.5 BondThe bond between layers of laminated pipe shallbe strong and uniform. There shal
35、l be no separation of layerswhen the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with TestMethod D2412, nor shall it be possible to separate the layerswith the point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflectedcondition.FIG. 2 Perforation Location and CoversF2987 123NOTE 3This test may be conducted as a c
36、ontinuation of pipe stiffnesstesting as specified in 9.7.7.6 Fitting Requirements:7.6.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overallintegrity or function of the pipe line.NOTE 4Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, suchas tees, Ys, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps
37、. These fittings areinstalled internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on,V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.NOTE 5Some corrugated fittings will not fit all pipe. Only fittingssupplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.7.6.2 Joints made with couplers, install
38、ed in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions. Pipe joints must bewatertight when tested in accordance with ASTM D3212.7.6.3 Fitting specimens shall not crack or split when testedin accordance with 9.8.8. Sampling and Retest8.1 SamplingSamples of pipe and fittings sufficient todetermine confor
39、mance with this specification shall be taken atrandom from stock or from the project site by the testingagency. Samples shall be representative of the product typeunder consideration. A minimum of one sample of sufficientsize to conduct all tests as required in this standard shall betaken for every
40、1,000 meters of pipe length supplied on aproject.8.2 Retest and RejectionIf any test failure occurs, the pipeor fitting may be retested to establish conformity. The test shallbe repeated on two additional samples from the same lot orshipment. If either of these two additional samples fail, the pipeo
41、r fitting does not comply with this specification.9. Test Methods9.1 Conditioning Test SpecimensCondition the specimenprior to test at 23 + 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity for not less than 40 h prior to the test, in accordancewith Procedure A in Practice D618 for those tests wherecondi
42、tioning is required, unless otherwise specified.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in laboratory atmo-sphere of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity, unless otherwise specified.9.3 Inside DiameterMeasure the inside diameter of three300-mm 1 ft. specimens, with any suitable device accurate
43、 to0.8 mm 61/32 in., at two positions, namely, the block seamand 90 from the block seams, and average the six measure-ments.9.4 Minimum Crown and Liner Wall ThicknessMeasurethe thickness of the crown, valley and liner (when applicable)wall thickness in accordance with Test Method D2122. Eachspecimen
44、 shall be cut perpendicular to the seam line of the pipedirectly through a corrugation allowing a plain view of theinner wall 360 degrees around the circumference in order toobtain a minimum of eight measurements in accordance withTest Method D2122. As an alternative to Test Method D2122,minimum lin
45、er thickness is allowed to be determined with theuse of a calibrated ultrasonic thickness gauge.NOTE 6Test Method D 2122 also permits the use of alternatemeasurement methods such as ultrasonic gauges.9.5 LengthMeasure pipe with any suitable device accurateto1mmin3m61/32 in. in 10 ft. Make all measur
46、ements onthe pipe while it is resting on a relatively flat surface, in astraight line, with no external tensile or compressive forcesexerted on the pipe.9.6 PerforationsMeasure dimensions of perforations on astraight specimen without external forces applied. Linearmeasurements shall be made with an
47、instrument with calibra-tion increments of 0.25 mm 0.01 in.9.7 Pipe StiffnessSelect a minimum of three pipe speci-mens and test for pipe stiffness F/y, as described in TestMethod D2412, except for the following conditions: (1) Thetest specimens shall be at least as long as the outside diameter;the e
48、xact length shall be an integer multiple of corrugationpitch. (2) Locate the first specimen of all annular (tubularly)extruded pipe in the loading machine with the imaginary linebetween the two corrugation seams (end view) parallel to theloading plates. The specimen must lay flat on the plate within
49、3 mm 1/8 inch and may be straightened by hand bending atroom temperature. Use the first location as a reference point forrotation of the other two specimens. Rotate the second speci-men 45 and the third specimen 90. Test each specimen in oneposition only. (3) The deflection indicator shall be readable andaccurate to 60.02 mm +0.001 in. (4) The parallel plates mustexceed the samples in length. (5) If the pipe under test hasself-coupli
