1、Designation: F3005 14Standard Specification forBatteries for Use in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems(sUAS)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3005; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the requirements for batteries usedin small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS).1.2 This standard does no
3、t define requirements for thesystems in which sUAS battery packs may be utilized.1.3 This standard is subordinate to Specification F2910.1.4 If allowed by a nations GAA, certain sUAS may beexempt from this standard and may use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) batteries. Air transport regulations stil
4、l shall beadhered to when air transport is used for COTS cells orbatteries in bulk.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
5、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2910 Specification for Design, Construction, and Test of aSmall Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)2.2 Other Standards:UL 1642 Standard for Lithium Batteries33. Terminology3.1 Definitions and
6、AcronymsThe standard terminologyfor sUAS as defined in higher level standards applies in generalto this standard except as noted below.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 C-rating, nmaximum steady-state current (amps) atwhich the battery cell or pack may be discharged withouthav
7、ing pack temperature exceed the temperature that results inpermanent damage, loss of capacity or reduction in cell life.C-rating is expressed as a multiple of the capacity. Forexample, a battery with a nominal capacity of 4 Ah may havea C-rating of 5C, meaning that 20 A would be considered itsmaximu
8、m safe current.3.2.2 depth of discharge, DOD, nratio of cell or packcapacity expended relative to its nominal capacity.3.2.3 pack, na single cell or composition of battery cellsconnected in series or in parallel or both plus monitoringelectronics, structure, and connector(s).3.2.4 pack assembler, nt
9、hat supplier which performs themanufacturing processes which integrate the essential compo-nents into a functional pack. In the event that multiple suppliersare involved in the assembly process, the pack assembler is thatsupplier which performs the final electrical connection(s). Onesupplier may wel
10、d solderable tabs to batch of cells, a secondsupplier may connect circuitry, wiring and a connector, and yeta third may install the assembly in a plastic housing. In thisexample, the second supplier would be the pack assembler.3.2.5 shall versus should versus may, vuse of the word“shall” implies tha
11、t a procedure or statement is mandatory andmust be followed to comply with this standard, “should”implies recommended, and “may” implies optional at thediscretion of the supplier, manufacturer, or operator. Since“shall” statements are requirements, they include sufficientdetail needed to define comp
12、liance (for example, thresholdvalues, test methods, oversight, reference to other standards).“Should” statement are provided as guidance toward theoverall goal of improving safety and could include onlysubjective statements. “Should” statements also represent pa-rameters that could be used in safety
13、 evaluations and could leadto development of future requirements. “May” statements areprovided to clarify acceptability of a specific item or practiceand offer options for satisfying requirements.3.2.6 small unmanned aircraft system, sUAS, ncomposedof the small unmanned aircraft (sUA) and all requir
14、ed on-boardsubsystems, payload, control station, other required off-boardsubsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, and1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 onUnmannedAircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.01on Airworthiness.C
15、urrent edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. DOI:10.1520/F3005-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
16、page onthe ASTM website.3Applicable only to 5.1 on cell suppliers.Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1command and control (C2)
17、links between the sUA and thecontrol station. Since any one of the preceding subsystems mayaffect reliability and thus safety of the sUAS, batteries used inthose subsystems shall comply with this standard unless failureof the battery will not compromise safety. For purposes of thisstandard sUAS is s
18、ynonymous with small Remotely PilotedAircraft System (sRPAS), and SUA is synomymous with asmall Remotely Piloted Aircraft (sRPA).3.2.7 supplier, nany entity engaged in the design orproduction of a battery pack or any component of a packintended for used in a sUAS. The cell supplier is the manu-factu
19、rer of the fundamental cell(s) constituent in a battery core.Various suppliers contribute to the production of a pack, andany differences between them are described both explicitly andby context throughout the document.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 COTSCommercial off the Shelf3.3.2 DODDepth of Discharge3.3.3 I
20、CInternal Combustion3.3.4 LiLithium3.3.5 LiFeLithium Ferrite3.3.6 LiFePO4Lithium Iron Phosphate3.3.7 LiPoLithium Polymer3.3.8 MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet3.3.9 NiCdNickel Cadmium3.3.10 NiMHNickel Metal Hydride3.3.11 PCMProtective Circuit Module3.3.12 SLASealed Lead Acid3.3.13 sUASSmall Unmanned Ai
21、rcraft System3.3.14 UASUnmanned Aircraft System4. Applicability4.1 This standard relates to and is referenced by other sUASstandards at the sUAS system level as listed in Section 2. Thisstandard is mandatory at any point in the sUAS system inwhich batteries are used, except for payload downlinks tha
22、thave no effect on flight safety.4.2 This standard is written for all sUAS that are permittedto operate over a defined area and in airspace defined by anations GAA. Unless otherwise specified by a nations GAA,this standard applies only to UA that have a maximum takeoffgross weight of 55 lb/25 Kg.4.3
23、 Criticality of this standard is derived from safety riskanalysis. The following failures are critical and are listedhierarchically, the first being the most critical:4.3.1 Loss of independent power for flight termination byany means requiring battery power, resulting in inability toterminate the fl
24、ight safely;4.3.2 Failure of primary power for the FCS resulting in lossof control to permit safe flight or recovery;4.3.3 Failure of ignition power (if a battery is utilizedinstead of a magneto, alternator, generator or the like forinternal combustion) or primary power for electric propulsion,creat
25、ing the inability to return the sUAS to base and creating aground impact hazard.5. Cells5.1 Responsibility of Cell SuppliersAs a minimum, thecell supplier shall possess and provide the following:5.1.1 Process Control Plan for the specific cell beingprovided, including Quality Control Procedures and
26、RecordingMethods;5.1.2 A Quality Assurance Plan for the specific cell beingprovided, including compliance with UL1642 requirements forcells;5.1.3 MSDS;5.1.4 Technical Data Sheet shall be a formal document, notpreliminary or informal;5.1.5 Every cell shall be marked with its Lot Number andSuppliers N
27、ame to aid failure analysis, facilitate traceability,and minimize the extent of a recall should such action becomenecessary.5.2 Responsibility of Pack Assembler:5.2.1 Lot TestingEach lot of cells shall be subjected tocapacity testing and physical inspections. A 2 % sample, to aminimum of five cells
28、per lot shall undergo one completecharge-discharge cycle to verify the integrity of the lot. Acharge-discharge cycle is defined as a full charge followed bya full discharge to the depth typical for the subject chemistry.Additionally, the physical inspections listed in 5.2.3 shall beperformed ona2%sa
29、mple to a minimum of five cells per lot.The capacity tests and physical inspections may, but are notrequired to be performed on the same cells.5.2.2 Received-Voltage TestThe pack assembler shallmeasure this voltage on every cell before any load or chargehas been applied to the cell. The measurement
30、is taken directlyat the cell tab, bypassing any protection circuitry that may beconnected. The received voltage shall not vary significantlyfrom what is considered the typical chemistry-specific storagevoltage or the mean measurement for the bulk of the lot. Thereceived voltage for a lot will typica
31、lly vary little from cell tocell and certainly should remain within a 10 % window. (Forexample, a LiPo will normally be shipped in a half-chargestate, holding at about 3.8 V). If the cell is within this range, theinspections given in 5.2.3 are not required, although proce-dures should be put in plac
32、e to observe those conditions duringthe assembly process. The received-voltage test may be per-formed as part of the assembly process rather than as anincoming test.5.2.3 Physical InspectionsIn the event that a cells re-ceived voltage is outside the limits that the particular chemistryis designed to
33、 produce, the cell shall be discarded. If, howeverthe cell is within those limits but the received voltage is outsidethe criteria of 5.2.2, the entire exterior of the cell shall beinspected to ensure its integrity. A subject cell is to bediscarded for any of the following conditions:5.2.3.1 Swelling
34、;5.2.3.2 Electrolyte leakage;5.2.3.3 Out-gassing;F3005 1425.2.3.4 Odor, even in the absence of visible electrolyteleakage, an obvious odor shall be considered evidence of adeteriorated cell;5.2.3.5 Deformed or damaged casing;5.2.3.6 Punctures;5.2.3.7 Tab conditionSeals are to be undamaged, andwelds
35、are to be unbroken and of satisfactory quality. If a cell issupplied with a PCM connected, accessible solder connectionsto the tabs shall also be inspected. If a solder connection isunacceptable, it may be reworked by the pack assembler.5.2.4 Records and CertificationsThe pack assembler shallobtain
36、and make available to the GAA and the procuring entitypertinent information regarding the pack assembly. These datashall be available so long as that pack model is marketed orsold and for a minimum of three years thereafter. These datashall either be shipped with the pack(s), provided upon requestor
37、 be accessible by other means such as the pack assemblerswebsite:5.2.4.1 The technical data sheet from the cell supplier forcells used in the pack;5.2.4.2 The MSDS for the cell type used in the pack;5.2.4.3 The data items, by lot, listed under 5.1.3 5.1.5 (i.e.,the pack assembler is to carry forward
38、 the data provided by thecell supplier);5.2.4.4 Pack assemblers specified shipping/storagevoltageThese data are not intended to be a record ofmeasured voltage for each pack but to stipulate the voltagerange that the procuring entity can expect to measure uponreceipt of a pack for the particular chem
39、istry;5.2.4.5 The lot number of constituent cells used in a packtraceable to the pack serial number;5.2.4.6 Date of manufacture of the packAs defined inSection 6, the date may be codified in the serial number.5.2.5 Pack Assembly RequirementsA multi-cell pack shallnot contain cells from more than one
40、 lot. An exception may bemade if three conditions are met: (1) the date of manufacture ofthe cells are within a six-month span; (2) all cells to be used inthe pack are tested for capacity and found to be within5%ofeach other; and (3) all of the cells were manufactured recentlyenough to be considered
41、 acceptable for use in new constructionfor the particular chemistry.6. Mechanical Design and Assembly6.1 Cell ConnectionsCells shall be interconnected usingtechniques that minimize failure caused by vibration andimpact. If tab-to-tab connection of individual cells is used toform a pack, the connecti
42、on shall be resistance-welded to theindividual cell terminal. If cells are interconnected usingdouble-sided printed circuit connecting boards, these boardsshall have plated-through tab slots or holes.6.2 WiringAll power and cell-sensing wiring shall bestrain relieved at the junction with the cell or
43、 interconnect tabsand secured at a point before exiting the pack.6.3 VibrationThe pack assembly may be surrounded withimpact and vibration-absorbent material such that the as-sembled pack meets governing-body requirements for ship-ment by air.6.4 Puncture ResistanceAn assembled pack having one ormor
44、e non-rigid cells shall be housed in a protective materialthat provides resistance to mechanical penetration beyond thatof the bare, unprotected cell. LiPo cells are one such exampleof a non-rigid cell and shall as a minimum be sheathed in aconforming PVC wrap or other similar material. Other meanso
45、f housing non-rigid cells, such as a plastic or metal casingmay be employed. If the pack is being designed for a specificsystem, the required protection shall be defined at the systemlevel, taking into consideration the form of propulsion (IC orelectric) and whether the sUAS will be carried on anoth
46、eraircraft for launch.6.5 IdentificationPack identification is required as fol-lows:6.5.1 SupplierThe pack assembler defined in 3.2.4 shallbe identified by name on the pack (a company logo is notsufficient labeling);6.5.2 SerializationThe pack assembler shall serialize thefinal pack assembly and mai
47、ntain records that correlate cell lotnumber with battery pack serial number. Records shall alsoidentify the date of manufacture of the pack assembly. A serialnumber that contains a date code is an acceptable means ofdocumenting the date (for example, YYMMXXXX, YYW-WXXXX);6.5.3 Safety WarningsAppropr
48、iate safety warnings par-ticular to the battery chemistry shall be affixed to the pack. Inthe case of packs too small or otherwise unable to accommo-date all such warnings, the information may appear on thesmallest quantity container in which the pack(s) are shipped.The following shows an example of
49、 a typical warning label fora lithium battery:CAUTION:DO NOT DISPOSE OF IN FIREDO NOT HEAT ABOVE 60C (140F)DO NOT DISASSEMBLEDO NOT PUNCTURE OR CRUSHDO NOT ALLOW TERMINALS TO SHORTSEE OWNERS MANUAL FOR ADDITIONAL DETAILS6.5.4 Recovery IdentificationThe outer pack enclosure orlarger portion thereof shall by some means be yellow in colorto provide easy identification at a crash site. Some portion ofthe yellow coloring shall be discernible when viewed from anyangle.7. Electrical Design7.1 Cells used for sUAS are anticipated to
