ASTM F3045-2015 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water《评定.pdf
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1、Designation: F3045 15Standard Test Method forEvaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum ProductsMixed with Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine
3、thewater-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in thelaboratory. The results of this test method can provide oilbehavior data for input into oil spill models.1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determin-ing emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedureswhich may be a
4、pplicable to determining emulsion tendencies.1.3 The test results obtained using this test method areintended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil andpetroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can beused directly to predic
5、t certain facets of oil spill behavior or asinput to oil spill models.1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much onthe representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oilscan form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on theirchemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Ot
6、her oilsare relatively stable with respect to the type formed1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
7、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Summary of Test Method2.1 Oil is mixed with 33 (3.3%) saline water for 12 h ina standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixt
8、ure is charac-terized after this shaking period.2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is charac-terized visually, by measuring water content and by rheologicalmeasurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable,meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture.Each of the
9、se four types of mixtures has different characteris-tics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 complex modulusOne of the results of viscoelasticmeasurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelasticsubstance to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combinin
10、gboth the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance andthe reversible (elastic) deformation of the test substance.3.1.2 emulsionA type of colloid, specifically, a dispersionof small droplets of one liquid in another.3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsionsEmulsions which lack oneor more of the compos
11、itional factors necessary to form a stableemulsion, but which are sufficiently stable to persist for shortperiods, typically a few days.3.1.2.2 stable emulsionsEmulsions that persistindefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid filminterface which resists coalescence.3.1.2.3 unstable emulsi
12、onsMixtures of water and oilwhich resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a fewminutes to hours. There may be residual water remaining inlow percentages.3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsionAn emulsion consisting of acontinuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.3.1.3 entrained water
13、This is not an emulsion but a me-chanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated dueto the physical properties of the water and oil.3.1.3.1 DiscussionTypically, the oil and water have simi-lar densities and the oil phase has a high viscosity.ragTheremnant of a broken water-in-oil emulsion.
14、3.1.3.1 DiscussionRag will not reform an emulsion. Ragis thought to consist of tightly bound asphaltenes and resins.3.1.4 stability indexAn index describing the stability of anemulsion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and
15、 is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:10.1520/F304515Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4.1 DiscussionIn t
16、his standard, it is calculated usingdata derived from rheological measurements.3.1.5 storage modulusOne of the results of viscoelasticmeasurement, a measure of the elastic (reversible) deformationbehavior of a viscoelastic substance under an applied dynamicstress.4. Significance and Use4.1 A standar
17、d test is necessary to establish a behaviorpattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oilweathering stages.4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil condi-tions such as weathering. Results from this test method form abaseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.
18、4.3 This test has been developed over many years usingstandardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcomedifficulties noted in other test procedures.4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures anddegrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions ofinterest.5. Interferences a
19、nd Sources of Error5.1 Interferences can be caused by contaminants, particu-larly residual oil or surfactants on labware, and other samplehandling supplies and apparatus that lead to irregular results.All glassware must be thoroughly cleaned. The cleaningprocess includes rinsing with dichloromethane
20、 to remove theoil, followed by rinsing three times each with tap water,purified water (reverse osmosis), and acetone. Once cleaned,precautions must be taken to minimize contact of the labwarewith contaminants to prevent interferences.5.2 Emulsion formation is somewhat susceptible to energylevels. Th
21、e rotational speed of the shaker should be checkedwith a tachometer every day. The specified direction of rotationshould be followed (vessel cap leads rotation on start-up).5.3 The specified fill volumes of the test vessels must beobserved as the energy level varies with the amount of fill.5.4 Tempe
22、rature is a factor in emulsification, so it isimportant that all components (salt water, pre-mix, and tem-perature controlled chamber) are stable at 15C or the selectedtest temperature, before starting.5.5 The handling of the samples after the mixtures areformed is important. Care must be taken to t
23、ake a representa-tive sample. Excess water should be avoided when sampling.5.6 Since the test results may be affected by salinity,thorough mixing of the salt water is required. Salinity shouldbe verified using a salinity meter before use.5.7 Oils sources, especially crude oil sources, vary muchwith
24、production time and conditions. Oil samples must betreated as unique and are not necessarily representative of thesource. Some oils are near the threshold of two differentwater-in-oil types. Depending on the actual conditions underwhich this oil was sampled, different results may occur. Otheroils ar
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