1、Designation: F3048 131Standard Guide forSwiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFigs.X1.1X1.4were repositioned editorially in February 2014.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes a framework within whichswiftwater/flood Search and Resc
3、ue (SAR) operations shall beconducted as part of the National Incident Management System(NIMS)/ Incident Command System (ICS).1.2 The requirements of this guide shall apply toindividuals, agencies, and organizations that respond toswiftwater/flood SAR operations, including those not regulatedby gove
4、rnment mandates.1.3 This document does not define the specific trainingrequired for personnel involved in swiftwater/flood SAR op-erations. Refer to local, state, federal, public, and privateswiftwater rescue certification and operations courses thatsatisfy the existing authority having jurisdiction
5、 (AHJ) require-ments.1.4 This guide includes references more common to theUnited States of America, but may be adapted for use else-where.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
6、establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use or as defined withina (regional or geographical) response region or by the AHJ.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1422 Guide for Using the Incident Command SystemFramew
7、ork in Managing Search and Rescue OperationsF1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope RescueOperationsF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer Endorsement2.2 Other Documents:FEMA, National Incident Management System, December20083FEMA, National Response Framework (NRF), J
8、anuary201343. Terminology3.1 Acronyms:3.1.1 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction3.1.2 EMSEmergency Medical Services3.1.3 IAPIncident Action Plan3.1.4 ICIncident Command or Incident Commander3.1.5 ICSIncident Command System3.1.6 NIMSNational Incident Management System3.1.7 PFDPersonal Flotation Device3.1
9、.8 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.1.9 PWCPersonal Water Craft (e.g., jet ski, water bike)3.1.10 PTBPosition Task Book3.1.11 SARSearch and Rescue3.1.12 SWFTSwiftwater/Flood Technician3.1.13 TFLTask Force Leader3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 authority having jurisdictionan
10、 organization, office,or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of acode or standard, or for approving equipment, materials,installation, or a procedure.3.2.2 boat-assistedswiftwater/flood SAR operations aidedby a boat, in which the boat is operated on a tether.3.2.3 boat-basedswiftwa
11、ter/flood SAR operations con-ducted from a boat only.3.2.4 flooda great flowing or overflowing of water, espe-cially over land not usually submerged.51This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Manag
12、ementand Operations.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F3048-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
13、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3http:/www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf4http:/www.fema.gov/national-response-framework5http:/ Accessed February 7, 2013Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 h
14、elicopter-basedswiftwater/flood SAR operationsconducted by a helicopter crew, which intends to make directcontact with the subject(s) while remaining airborne.3.2.6 in-water contactswiftwater/flood SAR operationsconducted by rescuers in the water who make direct contactwith the subject(s).3.2.7 near
15、 shorethe side of the watercourse where opera-tions or Incident Command may occur.3.2.8 personal flotation device (PFD)a buoyant devicesuitable for use by one person to stay afloat in a wateremergency. This may be a vest, ring buoy, life preserver,cushion, or other special purpose buoyant apparatus.
16、 Typesinclude:3.2.8.1 Type Ioffshore life jacket3.2.8.2 Type IInear shore buoyant vest3.2.8.3 Type IIIflotation aid3.2.8.4 Type IVthrowable device3.2.8.5 Type Vspecial use device3.2.9 recoveryan operation to retrieve deceased personsfrom the current position and move them to a designated place.3.2.1
17、0 rescuean operation to retrieve persons in distress,provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliverthem to a place of safety.63.2.11 searchan operation using available trained person-nel and facilities to locate persons in distress.73.2.12 shore-basedswiftwater/flood SAR operations co
18、n-ducted from land adjacent to the water.3.2.13 swiftwaterwater moving with sufficient force topresent a significant life and safety hazard to a person enteringit.3.2.14 swiftwater/flood search and rescue operationsactions intended to locate and save individuals caught in, orstranded by, swift or fl
19、ood waters, conducted using the NIMS/ICS, or equivalent.3.2.15 swiftwater/flood search and rescue techniciananindividual trained to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations.3.2.16 typea classification series developed to identify anincidents level of complexity ranging from most complex(Type 1) to le
20、ast complex (Type 5).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a framework within whichswiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be conducted.4.2 Every person, agency, and organization that responds to,or participates in, swiftwater/flood SAR operations shouldoperate within the framework establi
21、shed by this guide.4.3 This guide and the framework it establishes should beused in conjunction with established and authorized guidelinesand procedures mandated by an AHJ.4.4 The AHJ shall determine which personnel, agencies,and/or organizations are qualified and authorized to participatein swiftwa
22、ter/flood SAR operations.4.5 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJ thatwish to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations as part of theNIMS/ICS.4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to safely and effectively performswiftwater/flood SAR operations.4
23、.7 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assessthe extent to which the requirements of this standard are met.4.8 Because operations in the swiftwater/flood environmentare inherently dangerous, and individuals involved are fre-quently required to perform rigorous activities in adversecondi
24、tions, regional and national safety standards should beincluded in agency policies and procedures.4.9 Swiftwater/flood personnel should only perform activi-ties in the swiftwater environment after a thorough riskassessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (e.g. use ofpersonal protective equip
25、ment (PPE), restricting efforts toshore-based techniques, delaying a recovery until more favor-able water conditions exist, etc.) have been performed, or at thevery least, should follow the appropriate federal, state, tribal,provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activitiesin swiftw
26、ater environments.5. Initial SAR Response to Swiftwater/Flood Incidents5.1 Determine scene safety.5.2 Establish command.5.2.1 The command structure of swiftwater/flood SAR op-erations must allow for a wide range of incident complexity,the potential for involvement of multiple jurisdictions, inci-den
27、ts that increase in scope and area, and the impact of NIMSincident types on resource requirements. See ASTM F1422 forinformation on utilizing ICS in a swiftwater/flood ICS.5.2.2 Command Personnel Qualifications:5.2.2.1 Those directly supervising swiftwater/flood SARoperations, or the personnel condu
28、cting such operations, mustbe qualified, at a minimum, at the level of Swiftwater/FloodSearch and Rescue Technician (SWFT) appropriate for theenvironment and conditions.5.2.2.2 Personnel that operate within 10 feet of the edge ofswiftwater must have basic swiftwater rescue awareness train-ing and be
29、 provided with a properly fitted personal flotationdevice (PFD).5.3 Perform scene size up.5.3.1 Determine incident Type (see X1.3 for examples ofincident Types).6Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the National Search and RescueSupplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Resc
30、ueManual, Version 1.0, November 2011,http:/www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdf7Adapted from Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the National Search andRescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Sear
31、ch andRescue Manual, Version 1.0, November 2011,http:/www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdfF3048 13125.3.2 Determine the kind of response: search, rescue, orrecovery.5.4 Develop rescue plan.5.4.1 Prior to initiating swift
32、water/flood SAR operations, acontingency rescue plan shall be prepared and briefed to allpersonnel.5.4.2 The contingency rescue plan shall state the actions tobe taken by all personnel in the event an accident occurs duringSAR operations.5.4.3 The contingency rescue plan shall include provisionfor t
33、he control or rescue of animals.5.5 Assess risk level of SAR operations.5.6 Institute personnel accountability program at scene.5.7 Establish operations communications protocols.5.7.1 Swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall employ visualand auditory commands.5.7.1.1 Commonly used visual commands are p
34、rovided inX1.1.5.7.1.2 Commonly used auditory (whistle) commands areprovided in X1.2.5.7.2 Radio communication protocols shall be established,including designation of frequencies, for operational and ad-ministrative activities.5.7.3 Backup communications methods and/or protocolsshall be established
35、before operations begin.5.8 Designate a Rescue Group Leader for each swiftwater/flood SAR operation.5.8.1 The Rescue Group Leader shall be a qualified super-visor with adequate knowledge of swiftwater/flood rescueprocedures and safety.5.8.2 The Rescue Group Leader shall, whenever possible,be positio
36、ned such that he or she is in plain sight of anyrescuers operating in the water.5.9 The Incident Commander (IC) shall designate oneperson to be the Safety Officer.5.9.1 The Safety Officer shall be properly trained for theoperation. The Safety Officer shall be responsible for oversee-ing the safety o
37、f the entire operation, and shall answer directlyto the IC.5.9.1.1 For SAR operations occurring over a large area, theSafety Officer shall assign responsibility for local operationalsafety to other individuals. Designated local Safety Officersshall answer directly to the Safety Officer.5.9.2 The Saf
38、ety Officer shall be responsible for identifyingzones and/or areas of operation:5.9.2.1 Red (or Hot) ZoneAny area in the water, or anyarea where personnel will enter the water should they fall. Allpersonnel in the Red Zone must wear PPE.5.9.2.2 Orange (or Warm) ZoneAny area where personnelmay enter
39、the water should they fall. The Orange Zone includesthe immediate vicinity around rescue rigging. All personnel inthe Orange Zone must wear PPE.5.9.2.3 Green (or Cold) ZoneAll areas not in Red orOrange Zones. For personnel in the Green Zone, PPE shall beoptional.5.9.3 The Safety Officer shall be res
40、ponsible for assessinghazards.5.9.3.1 Inform command of hazard(s).5.9.3.2 Secure hazard(s), if possible.5.10 Begin initial response with resources on scene.5.10.1 If subject(s) location(s) are not known, begin inves-tigation and search effort, else;5.10.2 If subject(s) are visible, assign an individ
41、ual tocommunicate with each victim and maintain visual contact,else;5.10.3 If subject(s) are submerged, evaluate risks and ben-efits of rescue attempt and, if needed, request dive assets.5.11 Develop an alternative response plan.5.11.1 All affected personnel shall be briefed about the plan.5.11.2 Ad
42、ditional resources, as needed, should be requestedfor deployment or placed on stand-by.5.12 Establish staging area, if needed.5.12.1 An area for staging personnel and equipment forswiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be selected, and itslocation briefed to all personnel.5.12.2 A Staging Manager sha
43、ll be designated. He or sheshall oversee the location where resources, teams, and equip-ment are assembled.5.13 Establish subject landing area.5.13.1 A landing area for rescued subject(s) shall be desig-nated and its location briefed to all personnel.5.13.2 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) support s
44、hall beprovided at the subject landing area.6. Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Operations6.1 Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Operation Styles:6.1.1 Five location-based styles of swiftwater/flood rescueoperations shall be employed in Swiftwater/Flood SAR Opera-tions: shore-based, boat-assisted, boat-based, in-water
45、contact,and helicopter-based.6.1.2 The Rescue Group Leader shall employ one of theserescue styles after considering weather and environmentalconcerns and the following factors:6.1.2.1 The number of personnel available;6.1.2.2 The qualifications of the responding personnel;6.1.2.3 The equipment avail
46、able;6.1.2.4 The physical condition of the victim;6.1.2.5 The location of the victim (if known);6.1.2.6 The current and short-term threats to the victim; and6.1.2.7 The extent of risk for the rescuer(s).6.2 Basic Operational Personnel Qualification Require-ments:6.2.1 All personnel entering the wate
47、r during swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be, at minimum, qualified at theSWFT level appropriate for the environmental conditions.6.2.2 All personnel constructing and using rope rescuesystems and rigging during swiftwater/flood SAR operationsshall have rope rescue training as defined in ASTM F2
48、752Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescuer (R1)Endorsement, or its equivalent.F3048 13136.2.2.1 Personnel performing location-based styles ofswiftwater/flood rescue operations shall be proficient in tech-niques and possess qualifications, as determined by the AHJ.6.2.3 Location-based styles of s
49、wiftwater/flood operationsrequire the following personal and team equipment:6.2.3.1 PPE: wet-suits, dry-suits, type-appropriate PFD, hel-mets designed for water rescue, knives, whistles, and lights.6.2.3.2 Rescue Equipment: throwbags, ropes, carabineers,pulleys and various hardware, litters, boats, motors, harnesses,devices (slings, straps), and rescue boards.6.2.3.3 Communications Equipment: whistles, radios,phones, and bullhorn.6.3 Shore-Based Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Operations:6.3.1 Each per
