1、Designation: F3049 14Standard Guide forCharacterizing Properties of Metal Powders Used forAdditive Manufacturing Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide introduces the reader to techniques for metalpowder characterization that may be useful for powd
3、er-basedadditive manufacturing processes including binder jetting,directed energy deposition, and powder bed fusion. It refers thereader to other, existing standards that may be applicable forthe characterization of virgin and used metal powders pro-cessed in additive manufacturing systems.21.2 The
4、values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
5、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B212 Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-FlowingMetal Powders Using the Hall Flowmeter FunnelB213 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Usingthe
6、Hall Flowmeter FunnelB214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal PowdersB215 Practices for Sampling Metal PowdersB243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB329 Test Method for Apparent Density of Metal Powdersand Compounds Using the Scott VolumeterB417 Test Method for Apparent Density of Non-Free-Flowin
7、g Metal Powders Using the Carney FunnelB527 Test Method for Determination of Tap Density ofMetallic Powders and CompoundsB703 Test Method for Apparent Density of Metal Powdersand Related Compounds Using the Arnold MeterB783 Specification for Materials for Ferrous Powder Metal-lurgy (PM) Structural P
8、artsB822 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of MetalPowders and Related Compounds by Light ScatteringB855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of MetalPowders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall FlowmeterFunnelB923 Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density byHelium or Nitrogen PycnometryB964
9、 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Usingthe Carney FunnelE539 Test Method forAnalysis of TitaniumAlloys by X-RayFluorescence SpectrometryE572 Test Method for Analysis of Stainless and Alloy Steelsby Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-etryE1447 Test Method for Determination o
10、f Hydrogen in Tita-nium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion ThermalConductivity/Infrared Detection MethodE1569 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen in Tanta-lum Powder by Inert Gas Fusion TechniqueE1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods,and Screening MediaE1941 Test Method for D
11、etermination of Carbon in Refrac-tory and Reactive Metals and TheirAlloys by CombustionAnalysisE2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and TitaniumAlloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively CoupledPlasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Test Methodology)E2465 Test Method for A
12、nalysis of Ni-Base Alloys byWavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryE2594 Test Method for Analysis of Nickel Alloys by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(Performance-Based Method)E2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive andRefractory Metals1This test meth
13、od is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F42 on AdditiveManufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF42.05 on Materials and Processes.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F3049-142Cooke, A. L., Slotwinski, J. A., “Properties of
14、Metal Powders for AdditiveManufacturing:AReview of the State of theArt of Metal Powder Property Testing,”NIST IR 7873, July, 2012. Available at http:/www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?pub_id=9113393For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
15、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2792 Test Method for Determination o
16、f Hydrogen in Alu-minum and Aluminum Alloys by Inert Gas FusionF2792 Terminology for Additive ManufacturingTechnologies,2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3923-1, ISO 3923-2 Metallic Powders, Determinationof Apparent DensityISO 4497 Metallic Powders, Determination of Particle Sizeby Dry SievingISO 8302 Thermal
17、Insulation Determination of Steady-State Areal Thermal Resistance and Related Properties Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusISO 13320-1 Particle Size Analysis Laser DiffractionMethods Part 1: General Principles2.3 Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) Stan-dards:5MPIF Standard 01 Sampling Metal PowdersM
18、PIF Standard 03 Flow Rate of Free-Flowing Metal Pow-ders Using the Hall ApparatusMPIF Standard 04 Apparent Density of Free-Flowing MetalPowders Using the Hall ApparatusMPIF Standard 05 Sieve Analysis of Metal PowdersMPIF Standard 28 Apparent Density of Non-Free FlowingMetal Powders Using the Carney
19、ApparatusMPIF Standard 46 Tap Density of Metal PowdersMPIF Standard 48 Apparent Density of Metal PowdersUsing the Arnold Meter3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology relating to powder metallurgy in Termi-nology B243 shall apply.3.1.2 Terminology relating to sieve analysis in TerminologyE163
20、8 shall apply.3.1.3 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing inTerminology F2792 shall apply.4. Significance and Use4.1 Determining the properties of the feedstock powderused in these processes is a necessary condition for industrysconfidence in powder selection and ability to produce consis-t
21、ent components with known and predictable properties. Theintention of this guide is to provide purchasers, vendors, orproducers of metal powder to be used in additive manufactur-ing processes with a reference for existing standards orvariations of existing standards that may be used to character-ize
22、 properties of metal powders used for additive manufactur-ing processes. It will serve as a starting point for the futuredevelopment of a suite of specific standard test methods thatwill address each individual property or property type that isimportant to the performance of metal-based additive man
23、u-facturing systems and the components produced by them.While the focus of this standard is on metal powder, some ofthe referenced methods may also be appropriate for non-metalpowders.5. Tests for Measuring Powder Properties5.1 Sampling:5.1.1 Practice B215 outlines procedures for sampling metalpowde
24、rs transferred from blenders or storage tanks, as well asmetal powders already package in containers such as bags. Thetechniques in this standard are readily applicable to metalpowders used in additive manufacturing. MPIF Standard 01provides similar procedures.5.2 Size Determination:5.2.1 The proced
25、ures outlined in Test Method B214 givedetailed specifications for determining powder particle sizesthrough a sieving process. This process is applicable for sieveswith openings from 45 to 1000 m, and therefore not suitablefor powders with particles smaller than 45 m. MPIF Standard05 gives similar pr
26、ocedures, as does ISO 4497.5.2.2 Test Method B822 describes the use of light scatteringto measure the particle size distribution. This test methoddescribes the limitations of this technique, which may be usedas agreed upon by user and manufacturer to measure particlesize distribution for metal powde
27、rs for additive manufacturingsince the allowable particle diameters for this technique rangefrom 0.4 m to 2 mm.5.2.3 Non-standardized methods such as image analysismay also be applicable for measuring the size distribution of acollection of metal particles.5.3 Morphology Characterization:5.3.1 Termi
28、nology B243 establishes qualitative definitionsfor many powder shapes. However, no standards describe ameans of quantifying the morphology of metal powder par-ticles. Morphology can be determined via light scattering andimage analysis methods.5.4 Chemical Composition:5.4.1 Several standards describe
29、 the inert gas fusiontechnique, and they are highly specific.5.4.1.1 Test Method E1447 describes the procedure fordetermining the hydrogen content in solid specimens of tita-nium and titanium alloys by using the inert gas fusiontechnique combined with measuring the water created bypassing the hydrog
30、en released through the inert gas fusion overheated copper oxide in an infrared cell.5.4.1.2 Test Method E1569 describes using inert gas fusionfor determining the oxygen content in tantalum powder.5.4.1.3 Test Method E1941 describes the procedure usingcombustion analysis to determine carbon content
31、in refractoryand reactive metals.5.4.1.4 Test Method E2371 describes the procedure usingatomic emission plasma spectrometry to determine the contentof elements other than oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbonin titanium and titanium alloys.5.4.1.5 Test Method E2792 outlines the procedure for usingin
32、ert gas fusion to determine the hydrogen content in solidaluminum and aluminum alloy specimens.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), 105 College Rd.East
33、, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692, http:/www.mpif.org.F3049 1425.4.2 Test Methods for relevant X-ray Fluorescence orOptical Emissions Spectroscopy include E539, E572, E2465,E2594, and E2626.5.5 Flow Characteristics:5.5.1 Methods of determining the mass flow rate of powdersusing two types of flowmeters, the
34、 Hall flowmeter funnel andthe Carney funnel, are described in Test Method B213 andB964, respectively. These procedures are readily applicable formetal powders used for additive manufacturing. Methods forusing the Hall flowmeter are also described in MPIF Standard03.5.5.2 The process of timing powder
35、 as it flows through aHall flowmeter, which would determine the powders flow byvolume instead of the flow by mass, is described in TestMethod B855. This standard is readily applicable for metalpowders used for additive manufacturing. MPIF Standard 03provides similar procedures.5.5.3 Note that powder
36、 samples with a significant fractionof small particles or irregularly shaped particles may haveinconsistent or greatly reduced flow rates, or both. The meth-ods listed in 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 may not be suitable for thesepowders.5.6 Density:5.6.1 Methods for determining the apparent density of metalpowde
37、r through the use of a Hall flowmeter funnel, a Carneyfunnel, a Scott volumeter, and and Arnold meter are describedin Test Methods B212, B417, B329, and B703, respectively.Each of these standards is readily applicable to metal powdersfor additive manufacturing. The specification of Test MethodB417 f
38、or the measurement of “non-free-flowing powders” doesnot mean that the powders will not flow at all. It is to be usedfor powders that will not freely flow through the circular orificeof the Hall flowmeter, wich is 2.54 mm in diameter. TheCarney funnel used in this standard has an opening that is twi
39、cethe diameter of the Hall flowmeters opening, at 5.08 mm. Theflowability of metal powder is likely to differ with differentalloys and powder manufacturing techniques. Powder densitymeasurement using a Hall Apparatus is also described in MPIFStandard 04. Powder density measurement using a CarneyAppa
40、ratus is also described in MPIF Standard 28. Apparentdensity of metal powders using an Arnold Meter is alsodescribed in MPIF Standard 48. The ISO standards for deter-mining the apparent density of metallic powders are ISO3923-1 and ISO 3923-2.5.6.2 Test Method B527 describes the method of determin-i
41、ng the tap density of metallic powders and compounds. Thisstandard is readily applicable for metal powders for additivemanufacturing. MPIF Standard 46 describes methods formeasuring the tap density of metal powders.5.6.3 The method of obtaining the skeletal density of metalpowders by helium or nitro
42、gen pycnometry is described in TestMethod B923. This standard is readily applicable for metalpowders for additive manufacturing.5.6.3.1 DiscussionContamination of the original metalpowder may occur at any stage of processing and handling,starting from metal powder production. The contaminants maybe
43、organic (such as oil, grease, lubricants, hair, plastics andglue) or metallic (such as wear debris or other powders) orinorganic compounds. Various standard methods used in theproduction and quality assurance of powders, such as scalpingwith sieves to remove oversize contaminant, visual inspection,a
44、nd analytical methods to detect foreign materials, can be usedto ensure that the final powder product is free of contamination.6. Keywords6.1 apparent density; Arnold Meter; Carney funnel; density;flash method; flow rate; flowmeter funnel; guarded-hot-plate;Hall flowmeter funnel; heat flow; inert ga
45、s fusion; lightscattering; metal powder flow; metal powders; particle size;particle size distribution; powder flow; powder metallurgy;pycnometry; Scott density; Scott Volumeter; sieves; skeletaldensity; tap densityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asse
46、rted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
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48、ve careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Inter
49、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F3049 143
