1、Designation: F3091/F3091M 14Standard Specification forPowder Bed Fusion of Plastic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3091/F3091M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes a method for defining re-quirements and ensuring component integrity for plastic partscreated using p
3、owder bed fusion processes. Materials includeunfilled formulations and formulations containing fillers, func-tional additives (for example, flame retardant), and reinforce-ments or combinations thereof. Processes include all powderbed fusion processes as defined in Terminology F2792.1.2 This specifi
4、cation is intended for use by manufacturersof plastic parts using powder bed fusion and for customersprocuring such parts.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea
5、chsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to est
6、ablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-alsD6779 Classification Syst
7、em for and Basis of Specificationfor Polyamide Molding and Extrusion Materials (PA)D6980 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in Plas-tics by Loss in WeightE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF2792 Terminology for Additive ManufacturingTechnologies,2.2 ISO/ASTM Stand
8、ard:2ISO/ASTM 52921 Standard Terminology for AdditiveManufacturing Coordinate Systems and Test Method-ologies2.3 ISO Standards:3ISO 527-1 Determination of tensile products Part 1:General principlesISO 3310-1 Test Sieves Technical Requirements andTesting Part 1: Test Sieves of Metal Wire ClothISO 900
9、1 Quality management systems RequirementsISO 13485 Medical Devices Quality Management SystemISO 15512 Plastics Determination of Water Content -Second Edition2.4 Other Standards:AS9100 Quality Systems Aerospace Model for QualityAssurance in Design, Development, Production, Installa-tion and Servicing
10、4ASQC C1 Standard C1 Specification of General Require-ments for a Quality Program53. Terminology3.1 Additional definitions are listed in Terminology F2792.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 batch processing, npowder preparation and deliveryprocess in which a powder batch is blended using specificquantities of vi
11、rgin and used powder for use as feedstock,sometimes in quantities larger than the machine build volumeor feed region(s) or both.3.2.2 build cycle, nsingle cycle in which one or morecomponents are built up in layers in the process chamber of themachine.3.2.3 build volume, ntotal usable volume availab
12、le in themachine for building parts.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 onAdditive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee F42.05 on Materials and Processes.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/F
13、3091_F3091M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards In
14、stitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5Available from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave.,Milwaukee, WI 53203, http:/www.asq.or
15、g.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 continuous feed processing, npowder preparationand delivery process in which a powder batch is dynamicallyblended in a steady state process to deliver feedstock as neededto the p
16、owder bed.3.2.5 customer, nentity that receives end use parts from apart manufacturer.3.2.6 feed region, nin batch processing, the lcoation(s) inthe machine where feedstock is stored and from which aportion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the part bedduring the build cycle.3.2.7 feedstock
17、, nthe bulk raw material supplied to theadditive manufacturing building process.3.2.8 master bounding box, nthe orthogonally orientedminimum perimeter bounding box which encloses all of theparts in a single build.3.2.9 nesting, nparts that are made in one build cycle andare located such that their a
18、rbitrarily oriented minimum bound-ing boxes will overlap.3.2.9.1 DiscussionFor a definition of the arbitrarily ori-ented minimum bounding boxes, see ISO/ASTM 52921.3.2.10 overflow region, nthe location(s) in the machinewhere excess powder is stored during a build cycle.3.2.10.1 DiscussionFeedstock i
19、s usually conveyed to thepowder bed in excess of the volume needed.3.2.11 part cake, npowder remaining in the powder bed atthe end of a build cycle surrounding the fabricated compo-nents.3.2.12 part manufacturer, nentity that processes materialsand produces parts using additive manufacturing equipme
20、nt.3.2.13 powder batch, npowder used as feedstock that maybe used powder, virgin powder or a blend of the two.3.2.14 powder lot, nquantity of virgin powder producedunder traceable, controlled conditions from a single unifyingmanufacturing process cycle and provided with source docu-mentation as desc
21、ribed in 6.2.2.3.2.14.1 DiscussionSource documentation is also referredto as a “certificate of conformance”, “factory certificate”, or“certificate of analysis”.3.2.15 powder vendor, nentity that supplies or distributesvirgin powder.3.2.16 used powder, npowder that has been processed inat least one p
22、revious build cycle.3.2.16.1 DiscussionSubcategories may include powderfrom the part cake, feed, and overflow region.3.2.17 virgin powder, nunused powder from a singlepowder lot.4. Process Classification4.1 Class IMost rigorous process classification intendedfor use in producing the highest quality
23、parts with the highestdegree of confidence through detailed traceability required inquality documents.4.2 Class IIA rigorous process classification intended foruse in producing high-quality parts with less traceability thanClass I.4.3 Class IIIA general process classification intended foruse as a gu
24、ideline in processing quality parts using bestpractices with minimum traceability.4.4 Specific class-dependent recommendations and require-ments are described regarding fabrication of test specimens(7.1), mechanical property testing (7.4.2, Table 1), powderbatch identification (8.5.4 8.5.6), multipl
25、e laser systems(8.7.3.1), part certification (13.3 13.5) and quality programrequirements (S3). Additional requirements may be negotiatedbetween the customer and part manufacturer.5. Part Ordering Information5.1 Orders for parts to this specification shall include thefollowing information:5.1.1 Refer
26、ence to this ASTM International standard, pro-cess classification (Section 4), materials classification (Section6), material and process certification requirements, number oftest specimens as needed (Section 7), post-processing require-ments (8.8), definition of general dimensional characteristicsan
27、d tolerance (Section 9), part marking requirements (Section14), packaging requirements (Section 15), digital productdefinition (CAD model), customer purchase order number andquantity in pieces.5.2 Orders for parts may include the following information:5.2.1 Engineering drawings, bill of materials, a
28、ssemblyinstructions, manufacturing plan and special engineering re-quirements (Section 7).6. Materials6.1 Material SpecificationThis specification is intended tofacilitate communication between part manufacturer and cus-tomer and to establish a condition for acceptance. Materialcomposition of the pa
29、rt(s) shall be defined as the brand nameof the powder to be supplied by the powder vendor or inaccordance with a standard classification system. RequiredFIG. 1 Specifications for Mechanical Testing of Powder Bed Fu-sion Polymer PartsASpecification Class I Class II Class IIIBuild certification A mini
30、mum ofthree XY or YXtension speci-mens with atleast one speci-men above andbelow the buildenvelope and ZXor ZY tensionspecimens stag-gered at edgesof the masterbounding boxsuch that all lay-ers of the buildenvelope fallwithin a tensionspecimen gagelength.A minimum ofthree ZX or ZYtension speci-mens
31、at theedge of the mas-ter boundingbox. If the buildheight is lessthan 57 mm2.25 in., useinstead two XZand two YZspecimens out-side the buildenvelope.BNo tensionspecimensneeded unlessrequested bycustomer.AFor part orientation notation, see ISO/ASTM 52921. For multiple laser systems,see 8.7.3.1.BFor T
32、est Method D638 or ISO 527, subsized tension specimens may be used forZX or ZY samples for build heights less than 57 mm 2.25 in.F3091/F3091M 142material properties of fabricated parts and test specimens andtest methods, if any, shall be stated in the order. For parts withdirection-dependent or dire
33、ction-independent properties, thespecification of test specimens and directionality are addressedin 7.1 through 7.4.6.1.1 Plastic materials and testing requirements may alter-natively be specified by composition in accordance withClassification D4000. These standard classification systemsmay be appl
34、ied to virgin powder, powder batches, and feed-stock. Use of Classification D4000 is intended to be a means ofidentifying plastic materials and associated test methods usedto support fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intendedto be a method for selection of materials.6.1.2 Several nomencla
35、ture examples are listed. This listingis not meant to be complete or to be used as an endorsement ofany specific material or material composition.6.1.2.1 Unreinforced polyamide 12 powderClassificationD6779 PA0400 or PA0410.6.1.2.2 Polyamide 12 powder with 15 % by weight glassspheres addedClassificat
36、ion D6779 PA0400 GE15 A00000.6.1.2.3 LS processed unfilled polyaryletherketone test partwith a tensile strength at break of 90 MPa, tensile modulus of4250 MPa, and elongation at break of 3 % (ISO 527-1)Classification D4000 PAEK0000 KD090 KN042 LD003.6.2 Virgin Powder:6.2.1 The composition, particle
37、size, particle sizedistribution, powder morphology, viscosity, thermal character-istics and bulk density shall be acceptable for the powder bedfusion process, as certified by the powder vendor before or atdelivery.6.2.2 Each powder lot shall be accompanied by documen-tation to include, at a minimum,
38、 powder vendor name orclassification as in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2, material identification (in-cluding a material safety data sheet(s) (SDS) and ChemicalAbstracts Service (CAS) registry number(s), lot number, meanparticle size, particle size distribution, and rheological andthermal characteristics such as t
39、hose obtained by melt flow ordifferential scanning calorimetry.7. Fabrication of Test Specimens7.1 Unless otherwise specified, all test specimens shall beadditive manufactured parts that are neither finished norpost-processed. Redundant test specimens may be producedduring the same build in the even
40、t retesting becomes necessaryper 8.7.3.2 and 11.2. Test specimens shall be included in thesame build with the parts for which test specimens arerequired. An exception for tension specimens for Class 1 andClass II parts may be made at the direction of the customerwhen production runs involve two or m
41、ore separate builds. Thefrequency of test specimen production across two or morebuilds shall be clearly specified by the customer in the order.7.2 Direction-Independent PropertiesTest specimens usedto assess direction-independent properties may be built withassociated parts anywhere in the build at
42、the part manufactur-ers discretion. Unless otherwise specified by the customer orotherwise stated in the specific test method to be used, aminimum of three test specimens per build shall be evaluated.The specimen may be aligned to any direction axis (X, Y,orZ)chosen by the part manufacturer.7.3 Nonm
43、echanical Direction-Dependent PropertiesTestspecimens used to assess nonmechanical, potentially direction-dependent properties such as electrical resistance shall be builtin a location deemed by the part manufacturer to be the leastfavorable orientation within the master bounding box formeasurement
44、of the property in question. This would typicallybe in the Z direction and on a surface of the master boundingbox. Unless otherwise specified by the customer or otherwisespecified in the specific test method to be used, a minimum ofthree test specimens per build shall be evaluated.7.4 Mechanical Dir
45、ection-Dependent Properties:7.4.1 All Mechanical Property Testing Except TensionTestingTest specimens other than tension testing specimensused to assess mechanical properties such as flexural modulus,impact strength, and shear modulus shall be built in a locationand direction deemed by the part manu
46、facturer to be the leastfavorable orientation within the master bounding box formeasurement of the property in question. This would typicallybe in the Z direction and on a surface of the master boundingbox. Three test specimens per build shall be evaluated usingTest Method D638 or ISO 527 unless oth
47、erwise specified bythe customer or otherwise specified within a specific testmethod required for part acceptance. Unless otherwisespecified, the specimen type, tensile strength and percentelongation at break shall be recorded.7.4.2 Tension TestingThe number, orientation, and loca-tion of test specim
48、ens for evaluation of tensile mechanicalproperties are tabulated in Table 1. Every build containingClass I or Class II parts shall include test specimens asdescribed in Table 1.8. Material Processing8.1 Virgin powder shall be supplied with an accompanyingcertificate of conformance from the powder ve
49、ndor and shall besegregated based on virgin powder lot number in preparationfor creation of powder batches and feedstock.8.2 Virgin and used powder shall be stored using containersand methods to minimize contamination, cross contaminationbetween lots and, for atmosphere-sensitive plastics, air expo-sure.8.3 All powders shall be stored according to the powdervendors specifications.8.4 Used powder shall be sieved using sieves complyingwith Specification E11 or ISO 3310-1 before blending toeliminate foreign objects and limi
