1、Designation: F3117 15Standard Specification forCrew Interface in Aircraft1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers international standards for thecrew interface aspects of airworthiness and design for aircraft.“Crew” includes flight crew and mai
3、ntenance crew.1.2 The applicant for a design approval must seek theindividual guidance of their respective CivilAviationAuthority(CAA) body concerning the use of this standard as part of acertification plan. For information on which CAA regulatorybodies have accepted this standard (in whole or in pa
4、rt) as ameans of compliance to their airworthiness regulations (here-inafter referred to as “the Rules”), refer toASTM F44 webpage(www.ASTM.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm) which includesCAA website links.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
5、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F3060 Terminology for AircraftF3061 Specification for Systems and Equipment i
6、n SmallAircraftF3064/F3064M Specification for Control, Operational Char-acteristics and Installation of Instruments and Sensors ofPropulsion Systems2.2 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR):314 CFR Part 23 Amendment 623. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology F3060.4. Pilot / Occupant Compartment4.1 Pilot
7、Compartment:4.1.1 For each pilot compartment, the compartment and itsequipment must allow each pilot to perform flight crew dutieswithout unreasonable concentration or fatigue.4.1.2 For each pilot compartment, where the flight crew areseparated from the passengers by a partition, there must be amean
8、s to facilitate two-way communication between flightcrew and cabin occupants, such as an opening or openablewindow or door or other means.NOTE 1A single intercom port from passenger compartment to crewmay suffice as other means. If an opening is not provided to allow visualverification of occupant c
9、ompartment conditions, such as Oxygen Systemstatus in Specification F3061, other indication means may be required forother systems.4.1.3 If communication between flight crew and cabinoccupants relies on electrical power, the one-way communica-tion from the flight crew to the cabin occupants must bec
10、onsidered an essential electrical load.4.2 Pilot Compartment View:4.2.1 Each pilot compartment must be arranged with suffi-ciently clear and undistorted view to enable the pilot to safelytaxi, takeoff, approach, land, and perform any maneuverswithin the operating limitations of the aircraft.4.2.2 Ea
11、ch pilot compartment must be free from glare andreflections that could interfere with the pilots vision. Compli-ance must be shown in all operations for which certification isrequested.4.2.3 Each pilot compartment must be designed so that eachpilot is protected from the elements so that moderate rai
12、nconditions do not unduly impair the pilots view of the flightpath in normal flight and while landing.5. Controls General5.1 Flight Control Systems Controls:5.1.1 Each control must operate easily, smoothly, and posi-tively enough to allow proper performance of its functions.5.1.2 Controls must be ar
13、ranged and, except where theirfunction is obvious, identified to provide for convenience inoperation and to not create confusion and subsequent inadver-tent operation.5.1.3 Airplane aerodynamic flight controls must be de-signed so that they operate in accordance with the followingmovement and actuat
14、ion for aerodynamic controls:1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on GeneralAviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.10 onGeneral.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:10.1520/F3117-15.2For referenced ASTM stan
15、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Ca
16、pitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(1) Primary Controls Motion and effectRoll Right (clockwise) for right wing down.Pitch Rearward for nose up.Yaw Right p
17、edal forward for nose right.(2) Secondary ControlsFlaps (or auxiliary liftdevices)Forward or up for flaps up or auxiliarydevice stowed; rearward or down forflaps down or auxiliary device deployed.Trim tabs (or equivalent) Switch motion or mechanical rotation orcontrol to produce similar rotation of
18、theairplane about an axis parallel to theaxis control. Axis of roll trim control maybe displaced to accommodatecomfortable actuation by the pilot.Direction of pilots hand movementmust be in the same sense as airplaneresponse for rudder trim if only aportion of a rotational element isaccessible.5.2 C
19、ockpit Controls:5.2.1 Each cockpit control must be located and, exceptwhere its function is obvious, identified to provide convenientoperation and to not create confusion or be prone to inadvertentoperation.5.2.2 The controls must be located and arranged so that thepilot, in the normal seated positi
20、on in the cockpit, has full andunrestricted movement of each control without interferencefrom either clothing or cockpit structure.5.2.3 Detents are an acceptable means to establish controlpositions associated with particular actions.5.2.4 Powerplant controls must be located:5.2.4.1 For multiengine
21、airplanes, powerplant controls mustbe located on the pedestal or overhead at or near the center ofthe cockpit.5.2.4.2 For single and tandem seated single-engineairplanes, powerplant controls must be located on the left sideof the console or instrument panel.5.2.4.3 For other single-engine airplanes,
22、 powerplant con-trols must be located at or near the center of the cockpit, on thepedestal, instrument panel, or overhead.5.2.4.4 For airplanes with side-by-side pilot seats and withtwo sets of powerplant controls, powerplant controls must belocated on the left and right consoles.5.2.5 When separate
23、 and distinct control levers are co-located (such as located together on the pedestal), the controllocation order from left to right must be power (thrust) lever,propeller (rpm control), and mixture control (condition leverand fuel cut-off for turbine- powered airplanes).5.2.5.1 Power (thrust) lever
24、s must be easily distinguishablefrom other controls, and provide for accurate, consistentoperation.5.2.5.2 Carburetor heat or alternate air control must be tothe left of the throttle or at least 8 in. from the mixture controlwhen located other than on a pedestal.5.2.5.3 Carburetor heat or alternate
25、air control, when lo-cated on a pedestal, must be aft or below the power (thrust)lever.5.2.5.4 Supercharger controls must be located below or aftof the propeller controls.5.2.5.5 Airplanes with tandem seating or single-place air-planes may utilize control locations on the left side of the cabincompa
26、rtment; however, location order from left to right mustbe power (thrust) lever, propeller (rpm control), and mixturecontrol.5.2.6 Identical powerplant controls for each engine must belocated to prevent confusion as to the engines they control.5.2.6.1 Conventional multiengine powerplant controls must
27、be located so that the left control(s) operates the left engine(s)and the right control(s) operates the right engine(s).5.2.6.2 On twin-engine airplanes with front and rear enginelocations (tandem), the left powerplant controls must operatethe front engine and the right powerplant controls must oper
28、atethe rear engine.5.2.7 Wing flap and auxiliary lift device controls.5.2.7.1 Wing flap and auxiliary lift device controls must belocated centrally, or to the right of the pedestal or powerplantthrottle control centerline.5.2.7.2 Wing flap and auxiliary lift device controls must belocated far enough
29、 away from the landing gear control to avoidconfusion.5.2.8 The landing gear control must be located to the left ofthe throttle centerline or pedestal centerline.5.2.9 If nose/tail wheel steering is installed, it must bedemonstrated that its use does not require exceptional pilotskill during takeoff
30、 and landing, in crosswinds, or in the eventof an engine failure, or its use must be limited to low speedmaneuvering.5.2.10 Each fuel feed selector control must be located andarranged so that the pilot can see and reach it without movingany seat or primary flight control or requiring undue ordisorie
31、nting head/body movement when his seat is at anyposition intended for use in flight.5.2.10.1 For a mechanical fuel selector:(1) The indication of the selected fuel valve position mustbe by means of a pointer and must provide positive identifi-cation and feel (detent, etc.) of the selected position.(
32、2) The position indicator pointer must be located at thepart of the handle that is the maximum dimension of the handlemeasured from the center of rotation.5.2.10.2 For electrical or electronic fuel selector:(1) Digital controls or electrical switches must be properlylabeled.(2) Means must be provide
33、d to indicate to the flight crewthe tank or function selected. Selector switch position is notacceptable as a means of indication. The “off” or “closed”position must be indicated in red.5.2.10.3 If the fuel valve selector handle or electrical ordigital selection is also a fuel shut-off selector, the
34、 off positionmarking must be colored red.5.2.10.4 If there is a selector position other than “off” thatdoes not provide adequate fuel flow for normal engineoperation, these positions must be indicated in red and/or a redannunciation must be provided to the pilot.5.2.10.5 If a separate emergency shut
35、-off means is provided,it must be colored red.5.2.11 Ignition Switches.5.2.11.1 Ignition switches must control each ignition circuiton each engine.F3117 1525.2.11.2 Ignition switches must shut off each ignition circuiton each engine.5.2.11.3 There must be means to quickly shut off all ignitionon mul
36、tiengine airplanes by the groupings of switches or by amaster ignition control.5.2.11.4 Each group of ignition switches, except ignitionswitches for turbine engines for which continuous ignition isnot required, must have a means to prevent its inadvertentoperation.5.2.11.5 Each master ignition contr
37、ol must have a means toprevent its inadvertent operation.5.2.12 If there are mixture controls, each mixture controlmust have guards or must be shaped and arranged to preventconfusion by feel with other controls.5.2.12.1 The mixture controls must be grouped and ar-ranged to allow:(1) Separate control
38、 of each engine, and(2) Simultaneous control of all engines.5.2.13 Propeller Speed and Pitch Controls.5.2.13.1 If there are propeller speed or pitch controls, theymust be grouped and arranged to allow separate control of eachpropeller.5.2.13.2 If there are propeller speed or pitch controls, theymust
39、 be grouped and arranged to allow simultaneous control ofall propellers.5.2.13.3 The controls must allow ready synchronization ofall propellers on multiengine airplanes.5.3 Motion and Effect of Cockpit Controls:5.3.1 Cockpit controls must be designed so that they operatein accordance with the follow
40、ing movement and actuation forpowerplant and auxiliary controls:(1) Powerplant Controls Motion and effectPower (thrust lever) Forward to increase forward thrust andrearward to increase rearward thrust(Note: The intent of this does notpreclude the use of stacked (or “piggy-back”) thrust reverser leve
41、rs).Propellers Forward to increase rpm.Mixture Forward or upward for rich.Fuel Forward for open.Carburetor, air heat oralternate airForward or upward for cold.Forced air induction systems Forward, upward, or clockwise toincrease pressure.Rotary controls Clockwise from off to full on.(2) Auxiliary Co
42、ntrolsFuel tank selector Right for right tanks, left for left tanks.Landing gear Down to extend.Speed brakes, Spoilers Aft to extend.5.4 Cockpit Control Knob Shape:5.4.1 Flap and landing gear control knobs must conform tothe general shapes (but not necessarily the exact sizes orspecific proportions)
43、 in Fig. 1.5.4.2 Powerplant control knobs must conform to the generalshapes (but not necessarily the exact sizes of specific propor-tions) in Fig. 2.5.5 Circuit Breakers and Fuses:5.5.1 If the ability to reset a circuit breaker is essential tosafety in flight, the circuit breaker must be located so
44、that it canbe readily reset in flight.5.5.2 If the ability to reset a circuit breaker is essential tosafety in flight, the circuit breaker must be labeled as to itsfunction so it can be readily reset in flight.5.5.3 For fuses identified as replaceable in flight, the sparefuse(s) must be readily acce
45、ssible to a required pilot.5.6 Master Switch Arrangement:5.6.1 If separate switches are incorporated into the masterswitch arrangement, a means must be provided for the switcharrangement to be operated by one hand with a single move-ment.5.6.2 The master switch or its controls must be so installedth
46、at the switch is easily discernible and accessible to acrewmember.5.7 Switches:5.7.1 Each switch must be accessible to appropriate flightcrew members.5.7.2 Each switch must be labeled as to operation and thecircuit controlled.6. Flight Control Augmentation and Auto Flight System6.1 Automatic Pilot S
47、ystems:FIG. 1 Flap and Landing Gear Control KnobsF3117 1536.1.1 If an automatic pilot system is installed, unless there isautomatic synchronization, there must be an indication to thepilot showing the alignment of the actuating device in relationto the control system it operates.6.1.2 Automatic Pilo
48、t Controls.6.1.2.1 If an automatic pilot system is installed, each manu-ally operated control for the system operation must be readilyaccessible to the pilot.6.1.2.2 If an automatic pilot system is installed, each controlmust operate in the same plane and sense of motion as specifiedin Section 5.1.3
49、 for cockpit controls.6.1.2.3 If an automatic pilot system is installed, the direc-tion of motion must be plainly indicated on or near eachcontrol.6.1.3 If an automatic pilot system is installed and can becoupled to airborne navigation equipment, there must be anindication to the flight crew showing the current mode ofoperation. Selector switch position is not acceptable as a meansof indication.7. Displays General7.1 Instrument Arrangement and Visibility:7.1.1 Each flight, navigation, and powerplant instrument foruse by any required pilot during takeoff, initial climb, fina
