1、Designation: F3144 15Standard Guide forEvaluating Trailing Search Dog Crews or Teams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilitiesrequired for a dog crew or team to perform a trailing search.1.2 Trailing search dog crews
3、 or teams perform searches onthe surface of the land, including open urban or wildernessareas, as well as mountainous terrain, and alpine environments.1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for trailing searchdog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpineenvironments, and in cave
4、s, mines, and tunnels.1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, andabilities required to search in partially or fully collapsedstructures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland oroceanic.1.4 Trailing search dog crews or teams trained to meet therequirements of this guide may op
5、erate in urban and disasterareas that may be isolated, or have lost their infrastructure.1.5 Trailing search dog crews or teams must work underqualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.1.6 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members ofType I and II SAR crews or teams of the follow
6、ing Kinds, asdefined in Classification F1993:1.6.1 Kind A (Wilderness);1.6.2 Kind B (Urban);1.6.3 Kind C (Mountainous);1.6.4 Kind G (Cave);1.6.5 Kind H (Mine);1.6.6 Kind I (Avalanche);1.6.7 Kind K (Aircraft); and1.6.8 Kind L (Unclassified).1.7 Further training may be required before a trailing searc
7、hdog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type andKind of team or crew, based on specific local need, regulations,or policies.1.8 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for howa trailing search dog crew or team functions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
8、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F1633 Guide for Techniques in
9、 Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1847 Guide for Minimum Training of Search Dog Crews orTeamsF1848 Classification System for Canine Search ResourcesF1879 Guide for Demonstrating Obedience and Agility inSearch and Rescue DogsF
10、1993 Classification System of Human Search and RescueResources (Withdrawn 2014)2F2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberF2685 Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader(STL)F3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book(PTB)F3072 Guide for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS U
11、se(GPS/GNSS-IIW) Endorsement2.2 Other References:SWGDOG Approved Guideline SC1 TerminologyUnited States Department of Agriculture Work CapacityTesting for Wildland Firefighters (March 2002)National Search and Rescue Council Land Search and Res-cueAddendum to the National Search and Rescue Supple-men
12、t to the International Aeronautical and MaritimeSearch and Rescue Manual, version 1.0 (November 2011)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 age, nin reference to a trail, the time between whena trail is created by an individual and when a trailing dogattempts to follow the trail.3.1.2 decoy, na person
13、in the search area who does notmatch the target odor.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Managementand Operations.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published August 2015. DOI: 10.1520/F3
14、144-15.2The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 ground scent, nresidual scent remaining after aperson has passed. This may be human odor
15、on the ground,vegetation, or other nearby surfaces, as well as that producedby disturbance of the environment (crushed vegetation, ex-posed soil, etc.).3.1.4 scent, nthe act of presenting a target odor sample toa scent-discriminating search dog.3.1.5 scent discriminating, van ability whereby a searc
16、hdog can locate and follow the scent of a specific person (target).3.1.6 search dog team or search dog crew, na single dogand handler (and support person(s) if used) that are deployed asa single resource.3.1.7 track, nground scent in the immediate vicinity of anindividuals footsteps.3.1.8 tracking,
17、va search dog action wherein it follows atrack.3.1.9 tracking dog, na dog that has demonstrated theability to locate and follow a track.3.1.10 trail, nground scent deposited by an individual as atrack or in nearby plumes.3.1.10.1 DiscussionGround scent can be deposited onhorizontal, sloped, and vert
18、ical surfaces such as walls, rocks, ortrees and may also be airborne. In addition, scent plumes froman individual can exist a good distance from the persons actualfootsteps due to factors such as terrain, weather, vegetation,substrate, and vehicular traffic.3.1.11 trailing, va search dog action wher
19、ein it follows aspecific persons trail.3.1.12 trailing dog, na dog that has demonstrated theability to locate and follow a target individuals trail.3.1.13 training log, na search dog handlers written re-cord that documents all personal and canine training, includingexercises and missions.3.2 Termino
20、logy not defined in this classification, but in-cluded in this guide, may be found in Terminology F1773,Guide F1847, and Reference SWGDOG SC1.4. Significance and Use4.1 A trailing search dog crew or team is required to have,at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlinedwithin this guide
21、.4.1.1 A trailing search dog crew or team that meets therequirements of this guide is a Trailing Canine SearchResource, as defined in Classification F1848.4.2 Trailing search dogs that meet the requirements of thisguide shall be tested by the AHJ using an aged trail of 6-12 hor as determined by the
22、AHJ. Ages for competency trails shalltake into consideration a minimum age, which should approxi-mate the average response time for search dog crews.4.3 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge,skills, and abilities required for a trailing search dog crew orteam to perform trail searches. N
23、o other skills are included orimplied.4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required fortraining or evaluating a trailing search dog team or crew, andmay be used to assist in the development of a trainingdocument or program.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document todetermine if its co
24、ntent includes the topics necessary fortraining trailing search dog crews or teams. Likewise, thisguide can be used to evaluate an existing training program tosee if it meets the requirements in this guide.4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in thisguide are not in any particular orde
25、r and do not represent atraining sequence.4.7 Though this guide establishes minimum trainingrequirements, it does not imply that a trailing search dog teamor crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termedpart of an organization.4.7.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the require
26、-ments and qualifications for its member ratings.4.8 A trailing search dog crew or team shall documenttraining by completion of a position task book, compliant withGuide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified super-vision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must bedemonstrated, unless
27、 otherwise stated, it shall be demonstratedfor initial qualification, and then as often as required by theAHJ.4.9 A trailing search dog crew or team shall demonstrate itscompetency at a frequency set by the AHJ.5. General Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities5.1 The trailing search dog crew or team shall
28、 meet therequirements of Guide A4.5.2 The canine member of a search dog crew or team thatworks off lead shall meet the requirements of Guide F1879.5.3 The canine handler shall be endorsed for intermediatewilderness GPS/GNSS use as defined in Guide F3072.5.4 The trailing dog teams or crews handler sh
29、all meetphysical performance requirements determined by the AHJ.5.5 5.5 The recommended minimum physical performancerequirement for a trailing search dog crews or teams handleris the “Moderate” level defined in “Work Capacity Testing forWildland Firefighters” (Appendix X2).6. Specific Skills and Abi
30、lities for Trailing Search DogCrews or Team6.1 The handler shall demonstrate an understanding of howcommon factors affect the deposition and location of groundscent including, but not limited to, the following:6.1.1 Weather;6.1.2 Topography;6.1.3 Time of day;6.1.4 Season; and6.1.5 Scent source durat
31、ion (i.e., the amount of time thesubject has been in place).F3144 1526.2 The handler shall demonstrate the ability to recognizeand predict scent movement in the topography and vegetationfound in the teams normal area of operation.6.3 The handler shall demonstrate the ability to clearlydescribe the T
32、railing Search Dog Crews or Teams perfor-mance during an operational period.6.4 In a field test designed in accordance with the featuresand parameters defined in AnnexA1, a trailing search dog crewor team shall demonstrate the following:NOTE 1See Appendix X1 for a discussion regarding the philosophy
33、 ofcompetency testing.6.4.1 The ability to locate a target individual by performinga trailing search.6.4.2 The ability to acquire the scent of a target individual,after the team begins searching at a location where the targetindividuals scent is not present.6.4.3 The ability to determine the directi
34、on of travel of atarget individual.6.4.4 The ability to follow a target individuals trail throughtopography and vegetation found in the dog teams or crewsnormal area of operation.6.4.5 The ability to follow a target individuals trail that hasbeen contaminated with scent from at least one decoy.6.4.6
35、 The ability to operate at night.6.4.7 The ability of the handler and canine to operate as ateam.6.4.8 The canine consistently reacts to the target scentduring the search.6.4.9 The handler observes and correctly interprets signalsand behaviors provided by the canine.7. Record Keeping7.1 The trailing
36、 teams or crews handler shall maintaincomplete and accurate training and deployment logs for eachcanine team.7.2 These logs must be made available for inspection andreview upon the request of the AHJ.7.3 The AHJ shall determine the requirements for thetraining and deployment logs. It is recommended
37、that each logcontain, at minimum, the following information:7.3.1 Date, time, and duration of all training exercises anddeployments;7.3.2 General weather conditions;7.3.3 General environmental conditions;7.3.4 General location;7.3.5 General training scenario or deployment descriptionand results; and
38、7.3.6 Issues identified and planned corrective actions.8. Keywords8.1 canine; dog; trailing; training log; trailing searchANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TRAILING TEST PARAMETERS AND LIMITATIONSA1.1 The trail shall be aged 6 to12 h or as determined by theAHJ.A1.1.1 The minimum age for a competency t
39、est trail shallbe no less than the average response time for search dog crewsor teams in the normal area of operation.A1.2 The trail shall be 1 6 0.25 mile (1.6 6 0.40 km) inlength and shall be laid in terrain typical to the teams normalarea of operation.A1.3 The start of the trail shall be unmarked
40、.A1.3.1 The start of the trail shall be located in an area nosmaller than 225 ft2(approximately 21 miles2) and determinedby the AHJ.A1.3.2 The start of the trail shall contain a contaminatingtrail(s) made by one or more individuals.A1.3.3 The perimeter of the start may be marked.A1.4 The AHJ shall s
41、pecify the maximum time allowed forthe trailing dog team or crew to acquire the target scent.A1.5 The trail shall traverse a minimum of two ostaclestypical of the trailing dog teams or crews normal area ofoperation, such as marshy areas, streams, creeks, roads, rockledges, fences, etc.A1.6 The trail
42、 shall have no less than two dcision points(i.e.,a fork in a foot path or road that the trail is following, aroad crossing, fence line, etc.) where the trailing team or crewmust successfully determine the target subjects direction.A1.7 The trail shall have a minimum of four turns that aregreater tha
43、n 45 with no two consecutive turns being less thanor equal to 90 in the same direction (left or right) unless theturns are made at a distance apart or are separated by anobstacle that prevents the team from inadvertently locating thetrail beyond the turn.A1.8 The targets trail shall be crossed by on
44、e or moredecoys at least two timesA1.8.1 The contaminating trail(s) shall be laid after thetarget trail.F3144 153APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. GOALS AND PHILOSOPHY OF COMPETENCY TESTINGX1.1 The competencies identified in this standard are fromthe search management perspective and have been
45、 identified asbeing important for operational performance. The very natureof defining fixed tests while testing biological systems hasdistinct caveats that need to be appreciated and understood.These issues only serve to bring focus to the concept that thisguide attempts to capture competency while
46、testing and ob-serving handlers and their dog in real time.X1.2 Essentially, the testing and qualification of a dog teamattempts to quantitatively measure a set of parameters in asystem that is inherently qualitative. A dog, a biologicaldetector, is tasked with detecting a signal or scent that is be
47、ingdynamically impacted by a multitude of factors in real time.The reading and interpretation of the biological is then occur-ring by a secondary biological detector, the handler, who isbeing dynamically impacted by a separate set of factors in realtime. Further complicating the scenario is the fact
48、 that theprimary biological detector, the dog, is detecting a signal thatis essentially undetectable by the handler (or evaluators).Therefore, it is unreasonable to focus on a simple quantitativesolution (test) for the qualification of dogs. Instead the conceptof competency moves to the forefront of
49、 a qualification system.X1.3 Fixed tests can be used to provide a quantitativemeasure of the dog (or dog team) but it is ill advised. Instead,tests should be used to develop a reasonable testing paradigmwhere a handlers and dogs competency is judged. Considerthe following scenario: a handler and dog being tested underthe quantitative parameters for a 40-acre area search test on flatopen terrain only covers 0.5 acres of the total area in 59 minand locates the subject, who is not placed in any unusualfashion. Although the handler and dog in q
