1、Designation: F3145 15Standard Guide forSwiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the areas of expertise that Searchand Rescue (SAR) Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic(SWFT-Basic) personnel shall demonst
3、rate in order to performin, on, or around a Swiftwater environment.1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the recommendedtraining required to prepare SWFT-Basic personnel, orequivalent, for responding to or conducting shore-based Swift-water and flood rescue operations.1.1.2 This guide establishes t
4、he general areas of expertisethat SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate. This guide doesnot cover specialized types of Swiftwater/flood SAR, such ashelicopter and boat-based rescues.1.1.3 This guide also establishes the minimum trainingrequirements.1.2 This is the entry-level position for Swiftwate
5、r/floodresponders.1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall be able to recognize,reduce, eliminate, or mitigate, within the scope of theirtraining, the hazards and risks in a Swiftwater or flood situationor environment and be able to request appropriate additionalresources.1.4 This guide identifies types of re
6、scues, tactics, andsystems that are typically used by SWFT-Basic personnel, suchas shore-based rescues using talking, reaching, throwing, andwading methods.1.5 SWFT-Basic personnel who have met the minimumqualifications and experience within this guide are capable ofperforming shore-based rescues an
7、d assisting with in-waterrescues from the shore under qualified supervision.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1422 Guide for Using the Incident Command SystemFramework in Managing Search and Rescue OperationsF1768 Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope RescueOperationsF2752 Guide for
8、Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer Endorsement2.2 Other Documents:DRAFT Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the NationalSearch and Rescue Supplement to the International Aero-nautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, Version1.0, November 20113National Response Framework (NRF), FEMA, J
9、anuary20134Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR), Sub-title B, Chapter Xvii, 1910.120(Q)(6)(i) “First responderawareness training”3. Terminology3.1 Acronyms:3.1.1 AHJAuthority Having Jurisdiction3.1.2 CPRCardiopulmonary Resuscitation3.1.3 FEMAFederal Emergency Management Agency3.1.4 H
10、azMatHazardous Materials3.1.5 HELPHeat Escape Lessening Posture/Position3.1.6 ICSIncident Command System3.1.7 LKPLast Known Point3.1.8 NIMSNational Incident Management System3.1.9 NRFNational Response Framework3.1.10 PLSPoint Last Seen3.1.11 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.1.12 PTBPosition Task Bo
11、ok3.1.13 RBBRigid Buoyant Boats3.1.14 RHIBRigid Hull Inflatable Boat3.1.15 SARSearch and Rescue3.1.16 SWFT-BasicSwiftwater/Flood Technician-Basic1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,
12、Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published August 2015. DOI: 10.1520/F3145-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
13、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3http:/www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/Revision%205-EHE%20Source%20List%20(01-12).pdf.4http:/www.fema.gov/national-response-frameworkCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1
14、3.1.17 SWFT-IntermediateSwiftwater/Flood Technician-Intermediate3.1.18 SWFT-AdvancedSwiftwater/Flood Technician-Advanced3.1.19 USCGU.S. Coast Guard3.2 Definitions Specific to the Series of Swiftwater/FloodSearch and Rescue Guides:3.2.1 authority having jurisdictionan organization, office,or individu
15、al responsible for enforcing the requirements of acode or standard, or for approving equipment, materials,installation, or a procedure.3.2.2 downstreamthe direction of flow leading to a lowerposition in a watercourse.3.2.3 flooda great flowing or overflowing of water, espe-cially over land not usual
16、ly submerged.53.2.4 personal flotation device (PFD)a U.S. Coast Guard(USCG) approved buoyant device suitable for use by oneperson to stay afloat in a water emergency. This may be a vest,ring buoy, life preserver, cushion, or other special purposebuoyant apparatus. Types include the following:3.2.4.1
17、 Type IOffshore life jacket.3.2.4.2 Type IINear-shore buoyant vest.3.2.4.3 Type IIIFlotation aid.3.2.4.4 Type IVThrowable device.3.2.4.5 Type VSpecial use device.3.2.5 recoveryan operation to retrieve deceased personsfrom the current position and move them to a designated place.3.2.6 rescuean operat
18、ion to retrieve persons in distress,provide for the initial medical or other needs, and deliver themto a place of safety.63.2.7 searchan operation using available trained person-nel and facilities to locate persons in distress.73.2.8 shore-basedswiftwater/flood search and rescue op-erations conducte
19、d from land adjacent to the water.3.2.9 Swiftwaterwater moving with sufficient force topresent a significant life and safety hazard to a person enteringit.3.2.10 Swiftwater/flood search and rescue operationsactions intended to locate and save individuals caught in, orstranded by, swift or flood wate
20、rs, conducted using the Na-tional Incident Management System (NIMS)/ICS, or equiva-lent.3.2.11 Swiftwater/flood search and rescue techniciananindividual trained to perform Swiftwater/flood search andrescue operations.3.2.12 throw baga length of floating rope that is stored ina throwable container. W
21、hen using a throw bag for waterrescue, the life safety line should be the appropriate tensilestrength as determined by the AHJ.3.2.13 typea classification series developed to identify anincidents level of complexity ranging from most complex(Type 1) to least complex (Type 5).4. Significance and Use4
22、.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements fortraining SWFT-Basic personnel. A person trained to this guideis considered to be a SWFT-Basic.4.2 Every person who is identified as a SWFT-Basic shallhave met the requirements, or equivalent, of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by the indi
23、viduals and Authori-ties Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify theminimum training required for SWFT-Basic. No advancedskills are included or implied.4.4 This guide was developed specifically for use in theUnited States, but may be used in other countries as needed.4.5 This guide should b
24、e used in conjunction with estab-lished and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated bythe AHJ.4.6 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.7 The AHJ shall determine that personnel, agencies, andorganizations are qualified and authorized to
25、 participate inSwiftwater/flood search and rescue operations.4.8 The AHJ shall determine the evaluation process used toassess the extent to which the requirements of this guide aremet.4.9 4.9 Swiftwater personnel should only perform activitiesin the Swiftwater environment after a thorough risk asses
26、smentand appropriate risk mitigation efforts (such as the use ofpersonal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts toshore-based techniques, or delaying a recovery until morefavorable water conditions exist) have been performed. At thevery least, personnel should follow the appropriate nationa
27、l,federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards asthey apply to activities in Swiftwater environments. SWFT-Basic personnel should be supervised by a Swiftwater/FloodRescue Technician-Intermediate (SWFT-Intermediate) orSwiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Advanced (SWFT-Advanced) for
28、in-water rescue operations. Shore-based rescuedoes not necessarily require SWFT-Intermediate or SWFT-Advanced supervision, but any rescue requires appropriatecommand and control, determined by the level of complexity.Rescue shall be done using the appropriate safety precautions.5. General Knowledge,
29、 Qualifications, and Training5.1 SWFT-Basic personnel shall have the followingknowledge, qualifications, and training:5.1.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)and NIMS training or equivalent, to include the following:5.1.1.1 ICS/IS 100: Introduction to ICS;5http:/ (Accessed February 7, 2013.)
30、6DRAFT Land Search and RescueAddendum to the National Search and RescueSupplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and RescueManual, Version 1.0, November 2011, http:/www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/Revision%205-EHE%20Source%20List%20(01-12).pdf.7Land Search and Rescue Ad
31、dendum to the National Search and RescueSupplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and RescueManual, Version 1.0, November 2011, http:/www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdfF3145 1525.1.1.2 ICS/IS-200
32、: ICS for Single Resources and InitialAction Incidents;5.1.1.3 As required by the AHJ, or when responding to anoutside jurisdiction:(1) FEMA IS-700: NIMS, An Introduction; and(2) FEMA IS-800: National Response Framework (NRF),An Introduction.5.1.2 SWFT-Basic personnel shall additionally have thefoll
33、owing training:5.1.2.1 Basic Aircraft Safety (A-101), or equivalent;5.1.2.2 Hazardous materials (HazMat) awareness leveltraining that includes the information defined in 29 CFR1910.120(Q)(6)(i), or equivalent, as determined by the AHJ;5.1.2.3 Swiftwater/flood rescue pre-planning and notifica-tion sy
34、stems;5.1.2.4 Identifying the need for additional assistance and/orexpertise, and how to request it;5.1.2.5 Bloodborne/Airborne Pathogens training;5.1.2.6 Physical fitness standards as established and re-quired by the AHJ; and5.1.2.7 Emergency medical skills as established and re-quired by the AHJ.5
35、.1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall undergo annual refresherand/or maintenance training, as determined by the AHJ,including the following:5.1.3.1 PPE;5.1.3.2 Self-rescue techniques;5.1.3.3 Simple rescue techniques; and5.1.3.4 Hydrology.5.2 Agency Policy UpdatesThis guide recommends thatpersonnel meet th
36、e following minimum qualifications andexperience to function within a Swiftwater/flood search andrescue operation. Depending on the geography of the AHJ, theAHJ may require SWFT-Basic personnel to have rope skills inaccordance with Guide F2752.5.2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the Safety Code of
37、American Whitewater (refer to X1.1).85.2.2 Demonstrate an understanding of visual and audibleriver signals (refer to X1.2 and X1.3).5.2.3 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of thepolicies, standards, objectives, and goals of the AHJ in regardto Swiftwater/flood rescue.5.2.4 Demonstrate knowledg
38、e and understanding of theSwiftwater/flood rescue team member roles and responsibili-ties.5.2.5 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of estab-lishing point last seen (PLS)/last known point (LKP).5.2.6 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of proce-dures for interviewing witnesses.5.2.7 Demonstr
39、ate knowledge and understanding of theIncident Command System (ICS) as it applies to Swiftwater/flood rescue operations.5.2.8 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of landnavigation, including the following:5.2.8.1 General use of maps, compasses, and GPSs; and5.2.8.2 The ability to plot on a map a
40、nd locate on a GPSreceiver a reported PLS and LKP. Demonstrate knowledge andunderstanding of hazard recognition, which may include:ineffective team communication, changing conditions, lack ofcommand and control, multi-agency efforts withoutcoordination, night operations, improvised techniques, highw
41、ater flows, strainers, flood debris, cold water, hydraulics,low-head dams, multiple patients, multiple incidents, air tem-perature extremes, man-made obstacles, and debris.5.2.9 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledgeand understanding of safety requirements specific toSwiftwater/flood rescu
42、e and the Swiftwater /floodenvironment, including the following:5.2.9.1 Safe work area zones;5.2.9.2 Risks to personnel from pollution, recommendedpersonal hygiene techniques to reduce these risks, and proce-dures to be used on contaminated personnel;5.2.9.3 The use and effectiveness of the Heat Esc
43、ape Less-ening Posture/Position (HELP);5.2.9.4 The use and effectiveness of the huddle position; and5.2.9.5 The use and effectiveness of the self-rescue/swimmer position.5.2.10 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledgeand understanding of hydrology in regard to its effects onSwiftwater/flood
44、rescue, including the following:5.2.10.1 Water temperature;5.2.10.2 Currents, including flow rates, force, and features(e.g., eddies, holes, etc.);5.2.10.3 Contaminants;5.2.10.4 Hazards, including: strainers; sieves; weirs/lowhead dams; under cuts; debris/loads; high water flows; strain-ers; flood d
45、ebris; cold water; hydraulics; and low-head dams.5.2.10.5 Shoreline characteristics and conditions, includingice, mud, and steep or unstable banks;5.2.10.6 Weather, both local and upstream; and5.2.10.7 Tides.5.2.11 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledgeand understanding of the physiology o
46、f drowning, includingthe following:5.2.11.1 Basic survivor care;5.2.11.2 The occurrence of immersion shock and the coldwater reflex and their effects; and5.2.11.3 The signs and symptoms of hypothermia and hy-perthermia and their effects on patient care.5.2.11.4 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate
47、 knowl-edge and understanding of water rescue equipment and itslimitations, including the following:5.2.11.5 Throw bags and other throwing rescue equipmentused by the AHJ;5.2.11.6 Reaching devices; and5.2.11.7 Other items such as boards, ladders, and floats.5.2.12 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstr
48、ate cognitiveand practical understanding of night rescue considerations andoperations; and5.2.13 Self-awareness, including limitations.5.2.14 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledgeand understanding of water rescue PPE and its limitations,including the following:8American Whitewater, Safety
49、 Code of American Whitewater 2012, http:/www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Wiki/safety:start?F3145 1535.2.15 Minimum customization equipment, such as awhistle, and a cutting device;5.2.15.1 Wet suits, dry suits, ice suits, their similarities, andtheir differences;5.2.15.2 Thermal protection for the rescuer and clothing andequipment intended for that purpose;5.2.15.3 Helmets specifically designed for water rescue;5.2.15.4 Waterproof lighting; and5.2.15.5 Gloves and footwear.5.2.16 SWFT-Basic pers
