1、Designation: F3174/F3174M 15Standard Specification forEstablishing Operating Limitations and Information forAeroplanes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3174/F3174M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the airworthiness designrequirements associated with the establishment of
3、 operatinglimitations and information for the operation of aeroplanes. Itcovers the need for establishing general limitations and infor-mation to be contained in the aeroplane flight manual. Thisspecification specifies what information shall be provided anddoes not state how such information shall b
4、e presented unlessthis is necessary for the clarity of the purpose of the specifi-cation. Refer to Specification F3117 for means and methods ofpresentation.1.2 The applicant for a design approval shall seek theindividual guidance of their respective civil aviation authority(CAA) body concerning the
5、use of this specification as part ofa certification plan. For information on which CAA regulatorybodies have accepted this specification (in whole or in part) asa means of compliance to their small aeroplane airworthinessregulations (hereinafter referred to as “the Rules”), refer toASTM Committee F4
6、4 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMITTEE/F44.htm), which includes CAA website links.1.3 This specification is applicable to small aeroplanes.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalen
7、ts;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of th
8、is standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F3060 Terminology for AircraftF3114 Specification for StructuresF3116 Specification for Design Loads and ConditionsF311
9、7 Specification for Crew Interface in AircraftF3173 Specification for Handling Characteristics of Aero-planes2.2 European Aviation Safety Agency Regulations:3CS-23 Certification Specifications for Normal, Utility,Aerobatic, and Commuter Category Aeroplanes (Amend-ment 3)CS-VLA Certification Specific
10、ations for Very Light Aero-planes (Amendment 1)2.3 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:414 CFR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility,Aerobatic and Commuter Category Airplanes (Amend-ment 62)3. Terminology3.1 See Terminology F3060 for definitions and abbrevia-tions.4. Establishing Operating L
11、imitations and Information4.1 GeneralEach applicable operating limitation specifiedin 4.2 4.11 and other limitations and information necessaryfor safe operation shall be established.4.1.1 The operating limitations and other information nec-essary for safe operation shall be made available to thecrew
12、members as prescribed in Specification F3117.1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F44 on GeneralAviation Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F44.20 on Flight.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. DOI: 10.1520/F3174_F3174M-15.2F
13、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the European Aviation Safety Agency, https:/www
14、.easa.europa.eu/regulations.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 A
15、irspeed Limitations:4.2.1 The never-exceed speed, VNE, shall be established sothat it is:4.2.1.1 Not less than 0.9 times the minimum value of VDallowed under Specification F3116, and4.2.1.2 Not more than the lesser of:(1) 0.9 VDestablished under Specification F3116,or(2) 0.9 times the maximum speed
16、shown under Specifica-tion F3173, Section 8.4.2.2 The maximum structural cruising speed, VNO, shall besuch that VCmin VNO VC, with VCminand VCestablished asunder Specification F3116.4.2.3 Subsections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 do not apply when VD/MDis established under Specification F3116. For those aeroplane
17、s:(1) Amaximum operating limit speed (VMO/MMOairspeedor Mach number, whichever is critical at a particular altitude)shall be established as a speed that may not be deliberatelyexceeded in any regime of flight (climb, cruise, or descent)unless a higher speed is authorized for flight test or pilottrai
18、ning operations.(2) The value, VMO/MMO, shall be established so that it isnot greater than the design cruising speed, VC/MC, and so thatit is sufficiently below VD/MD,orVDF/MDF, and the maximumspeed shown under Specification F3173, Section 8 to make ithighly improbable that the latter speeds will be
19、 inadvertentlyexceeded in operations.(3) The speed margin between VMO/MMOand VD/MD,orVDF/MDF, may not be less than that determined under Speci-fication F3116, subsection 5.1.2 or the speed margin foundnecessary in the flight tests conducted under SpecificationF3173, subsection 9.1.4.3 Operating Mane
20、uvering SpeedThe maximum operat-ing maneuvering speed, VO, shall be established as an operat-ing limitation. The value, VO, is a selected speed that is notgreater than VAestablished in Specification F3116.4.4 Flap Extended Speed:4.4.1 The flap extended speed, VFE, shall be established sothat it is:4
21、.4.1.1 Not less than the minimum value of VFallowed inSpecification F3116, subsection 4.8.2, and4.4.1.2 Not more than VFestablished under SpecificationF3116, subsections 4.8.1, 4.8.3, and 4.8.4.4.4.2 Additional combinations of flap setting, airspeed, andengine power may be established if the structu
22、re has beenproven for the corresponding design conditions.4.5 Minimum Control SpeedThe minimum control speed,VMC, determined under Specification F3173, subsection 3.5,shall be established as an operating limitation.4.6 Weight and Center of GravityThe weight and center ofgravity limitations determine
23、d under 23.23 shall be establishedas operating limitations.4.7 Auxiliary Power Unit LimitationsIf an auxiliarypower unit is installed, the limitations established for theauxiliary power unit shall be specified in the operating limita-tions for the aeroplane.4.8 Minimum Flight CrewThe minimum flight
24、crew shallbe established so that it is sufficient for safe operation consid-ering:4.8.1 The workload on individual crewmembers,4.8.2 In addition, for Level 4 aeroplanes, each crewmemberworkload determination shall consider the following:(1) Flight path control,(2) Collision avoidance,(3) Navigation,
25、(4) Communications,(5) Operation and monitoring of all essential aeroplanesystems,(6) Command decisions, and(7) The accessibility and ease of operation of necessarycontrols by the appropriate crewmember during all normal andemergency operations when at the crewmember flight station.4.8.3 The accessi
26、bility and ease of operation of necessarycontrols by the appropriate crewmember, and4.8.4 The kinds of operation authorized under 4.10.4.9 Maximum Passenger Seating ConfigurationThe maxi-mum passenger seating configuration shall be established.4.10 Kinds of OperationThe kinds of operation authorized
27、(for example, VFR, IFR, day or night) and the meteorologicalconditions (for example, icing) to which the operation of theaeroplane is limited or from which it is prohibited shall beestablished appropriate to the installed equipment.4.11 Maximum Operating Altitude:4.11.1 The maximum altitude up to wh
28、ich operation isallowed, as limited by flight, structural, powerplant, functionalor equipment characteristics, shall be established.4.11.2 A maximum operating altitude limitation of not morethan 7620 m 25 000 ft shall be established for pressurizedaeroplanes unless compliance with Specification F311
29、4, sub-section 4.7.4 is shown.5. Keywords5.1 aeroplane; aeroplane flight manual; airworthiness designrequirementF3174/F3174M 152APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DIFFERENCES FROM PART/CS 23 AND CS-VLAX1.1 In Table X1.1, the changes are listed to Part 23 Amdt62, CS 23 Amdt. 1 and CS-VLA 226 Amdt.
30、 1 language andnew requirements with rationale for the differences.F3174/F3174M 153ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
31、validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your
32、comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments h
33、ave not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multip
34、le copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Cent
35、er, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ X1.1 Changes to Part 23 Amdt 62, CS 23 Amdt. 1 and CS-VLA Amdt. 1 Language and New RequirementsSource Original Revised RationaleGeneral References to original Part/CS 23sectionsReference to ASTM Standards Required for ASTM F44 set
36、up23.1505 (b) (b) The maximum structural cruisingspeed VNOshall be established sothat it is: (1) Not less than theminimum value of VC allowed under23.335 and (2) Not more than thelesser of: (i) VC established under23.335 or (ii) 0.89 VNE establishedunder paragraph (a) of this section.4.2.2 The maxim
37、um structural cruisingspeed, VNO, shall be such that VCmin# VNO# VC, with VCminand VCestablished as under SpecificationF3116, Section 5.1.1 (23.335)23.1505(b).Simplified language proposed by thegroup.23.1507 Operating maneuvering speed. Themaximum operating maneuveringspeed, VO, shall be established
38、 as anoperating limitation. VOis a selectedspeed that is not greater than VS=nestablished in 23.335(c).4.3 Operating Maneuvering Speed(23.1507)The maximum operatingmaneuvering speed, VO, shall beestablished as an operating limitation.The value, VO, is a selected speedthat is not greater than VA esta
39、blishedin specification F3116 , Paragraph5.1.3 23.335(c) (23.1507).Simplified language proposed as thegroup thinks that VA is typicallyVS=n.CS-VLA None 4.8 Minimum flight crew Level 1 aeroplanes cover more thanformer VLA assumptions; additionalburden for classic VLA aeroplanes isnegligible.CS-VLA None 4.9 Maximum passenger seatingconfiguration.Not a burden for classic VLAaeroplanes.CS-VLA None 4.11 Maximum operating altitude Not a burden for classic VLAaeroplanes.F3174/F3174M 154
