1、Designation: F3193 16Standard Guide forTraining of a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3193; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum trainingrequirements, including general and field knowledge, skills,and abilities, for personnel who lead l
3、and search and rescueteams.1.2 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders direct search andrescue teams on the surface of the land only, including urban ordisaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supportinginfrastructure.1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum trainingrequired for conducting re
4、scues in partially or fully collapsedstructures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground(such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in mountainousterrain.1.4 Personnel trained to this guide alone are qualified toconduct or lead search and rescue operations on non-technicalterrain.1.5 Perso
5、nnel trained to this guide alone are not qualified todirect rope rescues. No knots, rope work, or high angle or lowangle rescue skills are included in this guide.1.5.1 The minimum training required for rope rescue can befound in Guides F2752, F2954, and F2955.1.5.2 Personnel trained to this standard
6、 and having a RopeRescuer Endorsement (Guides F2752, F2954, F2955) arequalified to supervise rope rescue teams of equal level or lower.1.6 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader can be utilizedas a team leader for land search or rescue teams, a singleresource, or a support person for a canine search t
7、eam.1.7 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders are eligible tosupervise Land Search, Land Rescue, Land Search and Rescue,and Untrained teams or crews as defined in ClassificationF1993 for non-wilderness and wilderness operations. In addi-tion to meeting the requirements of this guide, Search andRescue
8、Team Leaders shall have the identified endorsement forthe reason identified:1.7.1 Mountainous TerrainSearch and Rescue TeamLeaders shall meet the requirements of Guides F3027 orF3028;1.7.2 Alpine TerrainSearch and Rescue Team Leadersshall meet the requirements of Guide F3028;1.7.3 Mountainous Operat
9、ionsSearch and Rescue TeamLeaders shall meet the requirements of Guide F3175;1.7.4 ATV-ROHV OperationsSearch and Rescue TeamLeaders shall meet the requirements of Guide F3175;1.7.5 Rope Rescue OperationsSearch and Rescue TeamLeaders shall meet the requirements of Guides F2954 orF2955.1.8 Search and
10、Rescue Team Leaders supervising MountedTeams shall also meet the requirements of Guide F2794.1.9 Further training may be required before a Land Searchand Rescue Team Leader can supervise a particular team,depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of theauthority having jurisdiction.1.10 Thi
11、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document
12、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on theGround and in Aircraft During Ground EmergenciesF1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human S
13、earch and RescueResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberF2685 Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader(STL)F2751 Guide for Training of a Land Search and RescueTeam Member1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct respo
14、nsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. DOI: 10.1520/F3193-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)Rescuer EndorsementF2794 Guide for Level 1
16、(Basic) Mounted Search andRescue (MSAR) ResponderF2954 Guide for Training for Level II Rope Rescue (R2)Rescuer EndorsementF2955 Guide for Training for Level III Rope Rescue (R3)Rescuer EndorsementF3027 Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Moun-tainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)F3028 Guid
17、e for Training of Search and Rescue PersonnelOperating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorse-ment)F3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book(PTB)F3175 Guide for Training and Equipping Search and RescuePersonnel Operating on Mountain Bikes (Mountain BikeSAR Endorsement)F3194 Guide f
18、or Training for Personnel Operating SmallLand Off Road Vehicles (ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsement)2.2 Other Document:NWCG PMS 307 Work Capacity Testing for WildlandFirefighters33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 high angle terrain, na tract of land with an averageslope gr
19、eater than 50 from horizontal.3.1.2 land rescue team, nan organized group of peoplewho perform rescue on the surface of the earth without the useof ropes.3.1.3 low angle terrain, na tract of land with an averageslope of 30 to 50 from horizontal.3.1.4 non-technical terrain, na tract of land character
20、izedby minimal slopes and little variation in elevation, where aperson is able to move safely and effectively on two feet,without handholds, and without the need for a belay.3.1.5 qualified supervisor, nan individual with demon-strated knowledge or competence in a task, to whom the AHJhas granted th
21、e authority to observe and oversee an individualperforming that task.3.1.6 rescue, nan operation to retrieve persons in distress,provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliverthem to a place of safety.43.1.7 technical terrain, na tract of land characterized bysignificant variation in
22、elevation, where a person is not able tomove safely and effectively on two feet without handholds anda belay.3.1.8 wilderness, na setting in which the delivery ofpatient care by SAR personnel is adversely affected by logis-tical complications, such as : an environment that is physicallystressful or
23、hazardous to the patient, SAR personnel, or both;remoteness of the patients location, such that it causes a delayin the delivery of care to the patient; or lack of adequatemedical supplies, equipment, or transportation.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, seeGuide F1633, Terminolog
24、y F1773, Classification F1993, GuideF2209, and other references within this guide.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities that a person must have to perform as a LandSearch and Rescue Team Leader. No other skills are includedor implied.4.2 Every
25、person who is identified as a Land Search andRescue Team Leader shall have met the requirements of thisguide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations,and agencies having jurisdiction that wish to identify theminimum training required for a Land Search and RescueTeam Leader.4.3.1 Th
26、ough this guide establishes the minimum trainingrequired for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader, it doesnot imply that a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader is a“trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of anAHJ.4.3.2 Determining the requirements and qualifications forteam members is
27、the responsibility of the AHJ.4.3.3 TheAHJ shall determine the depth or detail of trainingrequired to meet these needs.4.3.4 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ fromrequiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for itsmembers.4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document ortraining
28、program to determine if its content includes the topicsnecessary for training individuals to operate as a Land Searchand Rescue Team Leader.4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is anoutline of the topics required for training or evaluating a LandSearch and Rescue Team Leader.4.6 T
29、his guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide specific informationneeded by a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader or AHJ.4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or otherdocument to determine if its content meets the necessary topicsfor training an Land
30、Search and Rescue Team Leader.Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existingtraining program to see if it meets the requirements in thisguide.4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in thefollowing sections are not in any particular order and do notrepresent a training sequence.
31、4.9 ALand Search and Rescue Team Leader shall documenthis or her training by completion of a position task book,compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration underqualified supervision.3http:/www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/newshelt/workcaptest_lo.pdf4Definition from the “National Search and Rescue Pl
32、an of the United States(NSP) 2007” http:/www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/manuals/Natl_SAR_Plan%282007%29.pdfF3193 1624.10 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in askill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then asoften as required by the AHJ.4.11 Except where a physical skill
33、or ability must bedemonstrated the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluatea persons knowledge. This may be by written exam, oralexam, demonstration, or by some combination of the three.4.12 Additional skill set-specific endorsements may be usedin conjunction with this document to train rescue p
34、ersonnel forother rescue disciplines.5. Personal Fitness and Health5.1 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall demon-strate annually that they meet the requirements of a medicalfitness standard selected by the AHJ.5.2 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall demon-strate annually that they meet t
35、he requirements of a physicalperformance standard determined by the AHJ.5.2.1 The recommended minimum physical performancerequirement for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader is the“Moderate” level as defined in NWCG PMS 307 “WorkCapacity Testing for Wildland Firefighters” (see Appendix 1).6. Genera
36、l Knowledge and Skills6.1 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall have metall of the qualifications for, and have functioned as, a LandSearch Team Leader, as defined in Guide F2685 or anequivalent, for a length of time determined by the AHJ.6.1.1 The minimum recommended time period is 1 year.6.2
37、A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall have metall of the qualifications for, and have functioned as, a LandSearch and Rescue Team Member (ASTM F2751) or equiva-lent for a length of time determined by the AHJ.6.2.1 The minimum recommended time period is 1 year.6.3 A Land Search and Rescue Team L
38、eader shall maintaincertification in adult, child, infant, and two rescuer CPR.6.4 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall maintaincertification in basic first aid or a more advanced level ofemergency care, as required by the AHJ.7. Personal Safety7.1 As determined by the AHJ, a Land Search and R
39、escueTeam Leader working on or around a rescue operation shouldwear, as a minimum, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)including but not limited to, the following:7.1.1 Helmet;7.1.2 Gloves;7.1.3 Eye protection;7.1.4 Hearing protection;7.1.5 Additional land rescue-specific PPE may be requiredby the AH
40、J.8. Leadership Knowledge and Skills8.1 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall demon-strate an understanding of the following in regard to a rescueteam:8.1.1 Team leader responsibilities;8.1.2 Handling team deficiencies in the field, such as lack ofequipment;8.1.3 The concept of Situational Awar
41、eness and its impor-tance during rescue operations;8.1.4 Managing time and appropriate delegation of tasksduring the rescue operation.8.2 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall know thestandard operating procedures, requirements, and protocols ofthe AHJ in regard to land rescue operation safety.
42、9. Communications9.1 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall demon-strate the ability to brief a land rescue team on the followingsubjects:9.1.1 Subject medical condition;9.1.2 Terrain;9.1.3 Tactics;9.1.4 Weather;9.1.5 Safety and hazards;9.1.6 Assignment objectives.9.2 A Land Search and Rescue Te
43、am Leader shall demon-strate the ability to clearly and effectively provide the follow-ing information when debriefed by incident management:9.2.1 The method(s) employed to complete a rescue opera-tion;9.2.2 Safety issues identified during a rescue operation;9.2.3 Difficulties, problems, or both enc
44、ountered during arescue operation.9.3 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall demon-strate the ability to utilize ICS forms to document mission-specific information required for rescue operations in the field.9.4 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall demon-strate clear and effective radio co
45、mmunications within the ICSframework.10. Rescue Concepts and Capabilities10.1 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall demon-strate the following:10.1.1 Given background information and applicable refer-ence materials, size up a potential land rescue scene;10.1.2 Determine the number and location
46、of victims, thetype of rescue needed, and the resources needed to safely andeffectively perform the rescue operation;10.1.3 Assess the risks and benefits of a rescue operationand recommend methods for avoiding or mitigating the mostlikely risks to rescuer and victim(s);10.1.4 Select and maintain a p
47、oint of access to victim(s) andidentify an escape route.10.1.5 Identify the following factors that affect rescueefficiency, and discuss their effects on a rescue operation:10.1.5.1 Access time;10.1.5.2 Terrain;10.1.5.3 Vegetation and ground cover;10.1.5.4 Weather;10.1.5.5 Darkness;10.1.5.6 Environme
48、ntal hazards;F3193 16310.1.5.7 The number of victims;10.1.5.8 The physical and mental condition of rescue teammembers;10.1.5.9 The physical and mental condition of the victim(s);10.1.5.10 The skill and proficiency of rescue team mem-bers.10.2 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall demon-strate th
49、at they have the following capabilities:10.2.1 Able to be self-sufficient in the normal area ofoperations for a period of at least 24 hours;10.2.2 Able to perform their normal duties in any and allnormally expected conditions, including darkness, in theirnormal area of operations;10.2.3 Able to perform their normal duties in any and allnon-technical terrain likely to be encountered in the normalarea of operations;10.2.4 Able to recognize, and make adjustments for, reason-ably anticipated seasonal conditions which may affect theirrescue duties;10.2.5 Able to recogn
