1、Designation: F3303 2018Standard forAdditive Manufacturing Process Characteristics andPerformance: Practice for Metal Powder Bed FusionProcess to Meet Critical Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3303; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the operation and productioncontro
3、l of metal powder bed fusion (PBF) machines andprocesses to meet critical applications such as commercialaerospace components and medical implants. The requirementscontained herein are applicable for production components andmechanical test specimens using powder bed fusion (PBF) withboth laser and
4、electron beams.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitatio
5、ns prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech
6、nicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Normative References2.1 The following documents are referred to in the text insuch a way that some or all of their content constitutesrequirements of this document. For dated references, only theedition cited applies. For undated references, the latest editi
7、onof the referenced document (including any amendments) ap-plies.2.2 ASTM Standards:2E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE2910 Guide for Preferred Methods for Acceptance ofProductF2924 Specification for Additiv
8、e Manufacturing Titanium-6Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed FusionF2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-pared by Additive ManufacturingF3049 Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Pow-ders Used for Additive Manufacturing ProcessesF3122 Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Prope
9、rties of MetalMaterials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes2.3 ISO/ASTM Standards:252900 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing General Principals Terminology52921 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Coordi-nate Systems and Test Methodologies2.4 ISO Standards:34497 Metallic powders
10、 Determination of particle size bydry sievingD68921 Metallic materials Tensile testing at ambienttemperatureD68922 Metallic materials Tensile testing Part 2:Method of test at elevated temperature8573-1 Compressed air Part 1: Contaminants and purityclasses9001 Quality management systems Requirements9
11、044 Industrial Woven Wire Cloth Technical Require-ments and Testing13320 Particle size analysis Laser diffraction methods13485 Medical devices Quality management systems Requirements for regulatory purposes2.5 Other Standards:ANSI/ASQC C1-1996 Specification of General Require-ments for a Quality Pro
12、gram4AS9100 Quality Management Systems - Requirements for1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on AdditiveManufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF42.05 on Materials and Processes, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 261.Current ed
13、ition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published June 2018. DOI: 10.1520/F3303-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
14、TM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1
15、0036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles fo
16、r theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Aviation, Space, and Defense Organizations53. Terms and Definitions3.1 For the purposes of this document, the terms anddefinitions given in Spec
17、ification F2924, ISO/ASTM 52900,ISO/ASTM 52921, Guide E2910, and the following apply.3.2 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for usein standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia available at http:/www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform available at https:/www.
18、iso.org/obp3.3 Definitions:3.3.1 build programmerperson responsible for program-ming a build including part orientation, part(s) nesting, and theapplication of critical build parameters.3.3.2 machine operatorperson responsible for initiatingbuilds and turning over machines, which includes, but is no
19、tlimited to, loading feedstock powder, loading build platforms,removing completed builds and routine machine cleaning andfilter changes.3.3.3 recoater bladeportion of the machine that comes incontact with and spreads feedstock across the build area.3.3.3.1 DiscussionThe recoater blade may also be ca
20、lled arake, recoater, roller, or brush.4. PBF Material Identification4.1 Material covered by this document (that is, powder andconsolidated part/PBF machine input and output), shall beidentified by specification callouts including, but not limited to,the following:4.1.1 Alloy designation according t
21、o requirements; whereno alloy designation exists, the chemical composition shall belisted.4.1.2 Powder typeVirgin, used, blend or mix.4.1.3 Surface finishAs built, media blasted, supports re-moved by machining or manual deburring, in accordance withspecification callouts, or any combination of the l
22、atter finishtypes.4.1.4 Dimensional tolerancesIn accordance with specifi-cation callouts or PBF machine output capability.NOTE 14.1.3 and 4.1.4 apply to consolidated parts only.5. Feedstock and Powder Batches5.1 The material supplier shall package the powder incontainers capable of preventing moistu
23、re from penetrating thecontainers. No other materials including desiccant bags, labels,or tags shall be placed inside the containers in contact with thepowder.5.2 All feedstock shall have a certificate of conformancefrom the material supplier indicating that the feedstock meetsthe purchase specifica
24、tion requirements.5.3 Metal powder shall be purchased from an approvedmaterial supplier on the QMS (Quality Management Systems(see 6.3), an ASL (Approved Supplier List), or a customer-directed material supplier. Powder shall be verified for confor-mance to the material specification. Third-party cer
25、tification ofpowder may be used. Guide F3049, ISO 4497, and ISO 13320provide guidance on the measurement of particle size distribu-tion.5.4 The component manufacturer shall have a feedstockmaterial specification against which feedstock can be orderedand tested. Feedstock used for qualification purpo
26、ses mayrequire a limited reused powder such that the powder utilizedfor one qualification build to another remains as consistent aspractical (for example, by using virgin feedstock as the purposeof the qualification is to check the consistency of machineoperation over time).5.4.1 A feedstock materia
27、l specification shall include, butnot be limited to, chemical composition, particle sizedistribution, and manufacturing methodology.5.5 Powder shall be stored in environmental containment toprevent contamination and moisture absorption.5.6 Used powder is allowed (see 7.1.1.4.1 for requirementon used
28、 powder that is processed with ceramic recoaterblade).The proportion of virgin to used powder shall berecorded and reported for each production run on the manu-facturing plan (Section 10). Automated powder feed systemsmay not allow the proportion of virgin to used powder to beaccurately measured and
29、 recorded on the manufacturing plan.In such systems the feedstock shall be considered used powder.The maximum number of times that used powder can beconsumed as well as the number of times any portion of apowder lot can be processed in the build chamber shall bevalidated in accordance with 7.3. Afte
30、r a build cycle, anyremaining used powder may be blended with virgin powder tomaintain a powder quantity large enough for the next buildcycle. The critical powder attributes impacting qualifications inaccordance with 7.3 shall be analyzed regularly. All usedpowder shall be sieved with a sieve having
31、 a mesh sizeappropriate for removing any agglomerations. All powdersieves used to manufacture parts shall have a certificate ofconformance that they were manufactured to ISO 9044 orSpecification E11.6. Personnel Requirements6.1 Personnel competency requirements in ISO 13485 shallapply, including app
32、ropriate education, training, skills, andexperience.6.2 Manufacturing manager, machine operator, or buildprogrammer (as defined in Section 3) shall be trained by themachine manufacturer or qualified agency for PBF machinehardware and software, where appropriate.6.3 On machines that are qualified in
33、accordance with 7.3,the machine manufacturer shall provide for continuing educa-tion as new hardware and software releases are purchased andimplemented. Records of such training shall be maintained inemployee training folders in accordance with a local QualityManagement System (for example, ISO 9001
34、, ISO 13485,5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org.F3303 20182ASQC C1, AS 9100) for reference with customers or outsideregulatory agencies, or both.6.4 Only persons trained in accordance with 6.1 and 6.2shall be considered qualified pers
35、onnel.7. Qualification7.1 Pre-Build Checks7.1.1 This section describes pre-build checks applied to allbuilds independently of their purpose (for example, periodicpreventive maintenance, machine/process qualification,scaling/calibration builds, etc.). The pre-build checks shallinclude, but not be lim
36、ited to:7.1.1.1 Maintenance recordCheck the maintenance record(see 7.2.2) and qualification status of machine (see 7.3).7.1.1.2 Required feedstock quantityVerify that requiredquantity for build is available.7.1.1.3 Build platform (also known as build plate or startplate)Ensure that the build platfor
37、m serial number matchesthe one specified in the manufacturing plan (Section 10). Thebuild platform shall be free from any surface contamination(including dirt, oil, or grease), and any form of defectsresulting in an inconsistent powder bed. Build platforms shallbe visually inspected and rejected for
38、 any obvious damage ornon-conformity. Platform shall be installed in PBF machineusing the proper QMS instructions.7.1.1.4 Recoater bladeEnsure material compatibility withfeedstock and consolidated material, cleanliness, absence ofany form of defects resulting in an inconsistent powder bed,and consis
39、tent recoater clearance to the build platform at alllocations in conjunction with 10.1.2.2.7.1.1.4.1 Before initiating a PBF machine build, the recoaterblade shall be inspected. The machine operator shall visuallyinspect and verify that the recoater blade is free from any chips,scratches, debris or
40、deformities and installed in accordancewith the machine manufacturers recommendations. Onlyqualified materials shall be used on a PBF machine inaccordance with 7.3. The chemical composition of the recoaterblade shall be recorded on the manufacturing plan. PBFmachines with polymer recoater blade shal
41、l be validated toshow the polymer does not contaminate the feedstock byanalyzing and pairing the chemical composition of powderfeedstock and that of consolidated part. When inspection is notpossible due to installation location, polymer recoater bladesshould be replaced with a new one after the comp
42、letion of eachbuild. Used feedstock processed with a ceramic recoater bladeshall not be further processed. This section does not apply toPBF machines that only use rollers to spread the powder.7.1.1.5 Auxiliary systems (for example, shield gas, filters)Ensure correct type, proper function, and clean
43、liness of auxil-iary systems (grade 4.8 minimum for shielding gas).7.1.1.6 Chiller temperature and flow of heat transfer fluidCheck chillier temperature and flow of heat transfer fluid (ifapplicable, in accordance with the machine manufacturersrecommendation). Record chiller temperature on the manuf
44、ac-turing plan prior to every build cycle.7.1.1.7 Build chamber environmentFor machines thathave protective gas filters there shall be no flow restrictionduring machine operation.7.1.1.8 External gasGas type and flow shall meet themachine manufacturers recommendation for the feedstock.7.1.1.9 Feedst
45、ock and baseline machine and processparametersEnsure that feedstock and parameters (forexample, beam offset, beam parameters, input energy) arecorrect for build.7.1.1.10 Beam power verificationThe instructions forchecking the laser or electron beam power shall be determinedby the component manufactu
46、rer and recorded in a QMSdocument. Laser or electron beam power shall be measuredand documented in the manufacturing plan immediately priorto build initiation and following the completion of all builds.7.1.1.11 Part files, orientation and locationAll part filesrelated to the digital geometry (for ex
47、ample, STL, AMF) shallmatch the intended revision, the part orientation and locationon the build platform, as stated in the manufacturing plan.7.1.1.12 Machining stockEnsure that machining stock isadded to part(s) in accordance with manufacturing plan.7.1.1.13 Parts nestingThe build platform part ne
48、sting, asdisplayed by the PBF build processor software, shall berecorded (for example with a screen shot).7.2 Periodic Preventive Maintenance (Third Party Accredi-tation)7.2.1 PBF machines shall undergo preventive maintenance(PM) by trained technicians in accordance with the machinemanufacturers rec
49、ommended frequency (for example, mini-mum of every six months or after a given number of buildhours). PBF machines where preventive maintenance haslapsed shall not be used to meet the requirements herein. Themaintenance procedure shall confirm the effective function andoperations of each major machine and machine component thataffects product quality. This shall include, but not be limited to:7.2.1.1 Laser or electron beam powerEnsure that beamcharacteristics are within the machine manufacturers recom-mended tolerance. Tes
