1、Designation: G 113 06e1Standard TerminologyRelating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests ofNonmetallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEThis standard was corrected editorially in May 2008.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terms that relate to
3、 thedurability testing of Nonmetallic Materials using natural andartificial weathering exposure techniques.1.2 It is the intent of this terminology standard to includethose weathering terms in wide use in ASTM for whichstandard definitions appear desirable.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
4、D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy ConversionE 973 Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mis-match Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and aPhotovoltaic Reference CellG84 Practice for
5、Measurement of Time-of-Wetness onSurfaces Exposed to Wetting Conditions as inAtmosphericCorrosion TestingG90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weath-ering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natu-ral Sunlight2.2 AATCC Method:316 Colorfastness to Light2.3 ANSI Standards:4ANSI/NCSL Z
6、540-2-1997 American National Standard forExpressing UncertaintyU.S. Guide to the Expression ofUncertainty in MeasurementISO 9370 Plastics - Instrumental Determination of RadiantExposure in Weathering Tests - General Guidance andBasic Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology is not inte
7、nded to supersede therequirements of similar definitions in certain other documents,but is intended to provide a listing of terms that are in currentwidespread usage, and their context in relation to weathering.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerated outdoor weathering , noutdoor weatheringusing t
8、he sun as the source of irradiance, and where the rateof deterioration is accelerated over that of the in-serviceexposure position increasing one or more of the influencingparameters.acceleration factor, nthe ratio of exposure time required toproduce a specified amount of change in a material by one
9、exposure test divided by the exposure time required toproduce the same change by another exposure test.DISCUSSIONAcceleration factors must be used with great cautionbecause they vary between materials (including different formulationsof the same material) and are strongly dependent on the exposureco
10、nditions and variability of both the natural and laboratory acceleratedexposures.Acceleration factors may also vary depending on the level ofmaterial property change used to determine the acceleration factor. Donot ratio irradiance in laboratory accelerated tests to irradiance inoutdoor exposures, o
11、r use equivalent radiant exposures to estimate timeto fail in outdoor exposures. These calculations ignore differences intemperature and moisture between the accelerated test and exteriorexposures, and in the spectral power distributions of the laboratory lightsource and sunlight.actinic radiation,
12、nthe spectral region(s) of a light sourceresponsible for the photodegradation of a particular material.ambient temperature, nthe existing temperature of the airor of an object in thermal equilibrium with the surroundingatmosphere.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 onWe
13、athering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.92on Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G 113 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
14、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.4Avai
15、lable from National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th St.,Suite 305B, Boulder, CO 80301.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.azimuth angle, nan angle of a plane to the horizon measuredclockwise to the object.
16、backed exposure, na technique of weathering in which thetest specimens being exposed are mounted onto a solidbacking material, of sufficient strength to hold the specimen.When the specimen and the backing are in direct contact thebacking material must be of a type that will not contaminatethe specim
17、en. When two materials are intimately joinedtogether to form one composite, the materials below the topsurface are not considered as a backing.DISCUSSIONThe backing is typically plywood which has the effectof increasing specimen temperature and wet time during exposure,compared to exposure unbacked.
18、black box, na thin metal box painted flat black on theoutside only exclusive of the bottom surface with an opentop where the flat test specimens to be exposed constitute thetop surface of the box; the box is equipped with mountingstrips to hold the test specimens firmly in place; the topsurface of t
19、he box must be completely filled at all times; anyblank spaces on the top surface must be occupied by flatblack “dummy” panels to maintain correct operating condi-tion.black box under glass, na glass covered enclosure orcabinet of any convenient size. It shall be constructed ofcorrosion resistant me
20、tal and be enclosed to prevent ambientair from circulating over the samples. Exterior non-glasssurfaces shall be painted black. The interior shall remainunpainted.black panel thermometer, na temperature measuring de-vice consisting of a metal panel, having a black coatingwhich absorbs all wavelength
21、s uniformly, with a thermalsensitive element firmly attached to the center of the exposedsurface. The black panel thermometer is used to control anartificial weathering device and to provide an estimate of themaximum temperature of samples exposed to a radiantenergy source.climatological types, nmaj
22、or regions of significantly differ-ent recurring weather patterns. In weathering, several dis-tinct climatological types are used to evaluate the atmo-spheric durability of materials. Within any singleclimatological variation, at a specific geographic location,short term weather patterns may fluctua
23、te significantly. Thismay cause variability in short term exposures. Major cli-matic variations that are used for the study of weathering are:warm, moist climatesubtropical climate distinguished aswarm and humid year round, with frequent rain showers.hot, dry climatedesert climate distinguished as s
24、unny, hot,and dry year round, with rare scattered showers.control, nin weathering, the term control has three currentwidespread uses:1. A material which is of similar composition and construc-tion to the test material used for comparison, exposed at thesame time.DISCUSSIONA reference material can of
25、ten be used as the control.2. A portion of the material to be tested which is stored underconditions in which it is stable, and is used for comparison betweenexposed and original state.DISCUSSIONThis definition is deprecated in favor of “File Speci-men.”3. A portion of the exposed specimen which is
26、protected from lightexposure by masking.DISCUSSIONThis definition is deprecated in favor of “MaskedArea.”daylight , nas used in weathering, the term equivalent to“sunlight”. It refers to the full spectrum of solar irradiance,that is, ultraviolet through infrared, and includes both diffusesky and dir
27、ect solar irradiance.DISCUSSIONThis definition differs from CIE (Commission Interna-tionale de lEclairage) Publication No 17.4 which defines daylight as“the visible par of global (sun plus sky) radiation.direct weathering, , na technique of weathering in whichthe test specimens are exposed to all pr
28、evailing elements ofthe atmosphere.dry-bulb temperature, , nthe temperature of the ambientair; for example, the temperature that is measured by thedry-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D 4023durability, , nin weathering, a measure of the retention oforiginal condition and function of a material af
29、ter exposureto a specified set of conditions.enclosed carbon arc, na light source in which an arc isproduced across a pair of carbon rods by a high energyelectrical source, such that a high intensity light is emitted.The carbons are enclosed in an inverted glass dome whichacts to prolong the life of
30、 the carbons, and to modify thespectral power distribution received by the specimens.exposure , nthe act of subjecting the test specimen to the testconditions.exposure angle , nthe tilt from horizontal of the testspecimen or any other exposed material, or both.fading unit (AATCC) , na specific amoun
31、t of exposuremade under the conditions specified in various test methodswhere one Fading Unit is one-twentieth (120 th) of theexposure required to produce a color change equal to StepNo. 4 on the Gray Scale for Color Change or 1.7 6 0.3CIELAB units of color difference on Blue Wool Lightfast-ness Sta
32、ndard L 4 or 20 6 1.7 CIELAB units of colordifference on the Xenon Reference Fabric or combinationthereof.AATCC Technical Manualfile specimen, nportion of the material to be tested which isstored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used forcomparison between exposed and original state.flu
33、orescent ultraviolet lamp, va lamp in which the irradi-ance from a low pressure mercury arc is transformed to alonger wavelength UV radiation by a phosphor; the spectralpower distribution of a fluorescent lamp is determined by theemission spectrum of the mercury arc light source, theemission spectru
34、m of the phosphor and the UVtransmittanceof the glass tube.fresnel-reflector system, nflat mirrors arranged in an arraysuch that they reflect onto a target, the illuminated area ofwhich simulates the size and shape of the flat mirror. Such anarray simulates the ray-tracing of a parabolic trough of t
35、hesame aperture angle. G90G11306e12gray scale, nthe scale consists of nine pairs of standard graychips each pair representing a difference in color or contrast(shade and strength) corresponding to a numerical fastnessrating. The results of colorfastness tests are rated by visuallycomparing the diffe
36、rence in color represented by the scale.AATCC Technical Manualirradiance, nthe radiant power per unit area incident on areceiver, typically reported in watts per square metre, W m2E 973masked area, na portion of the exposed specimen which isprotected from light exposure by masking. (See also con-tro
37、l.)DISCUSSIONThe mask area is not protected from heat and moisture.natural weathering, noutdoor exposure of materials tounconcentrated sunlight, the purpose of which is to assessthe effects of environmental factors on various functionaland decorative parameters of interest.open flame sunshine carbon
38、 arc, na light source in whichan arc is produced across a pair of copper coated carbon rodsfilled with rare earth elements intended to produce a specificspectral power distribution. The carbons are open to theatmosphere and may be surrounded by a glass lanternarrangement which acts to modify the spe
39、ctral power distri-bution received by the specimens.operational control point, na set point for equilibriumconditions measured at sensor location(s) in an exposuredevice.operational fluctuations, nThe positive and negative devia-tions from the setting of the sensor at the operational controlset poin
40、t during equilibrium conditions in a laboratoryaccelerated weathering device.DISCUSSIONThe operational fluctuations are the result of unavoid-able machine variables and do not include measurement uncertainty.The operational fluctuations apply only at the location of the controlsensor and do not impl
41、y uniformity of conditions throughout the testchamber.operational uniformity, nthe range around the operationalcontrol point for measured parameters within the intendedexposure area within the limits of intended operationalrange.DISCUSSIONIt is assumed, as with all measurements, that themeasurement
42、of uniformity has uncertainty of measurement.photodegradation, nphotochemically induced changes inthe condition of the material.pyranometer, na radiometer used to measure the total solarradiant energy incident upon a surface per unit time per area.This energy includes the direct radiant energy, diff
43、use radiantenergy, and reflected radiant energy from the background.E 772pyrheliometer, na radiometer used to measure the direct orbeam solar irradiance incident on a surface normal to thesuns rays. E 772radiant exposure, ntime integral of irradiance, typicallyreported in joules per square metre, J
44、m2E 772radiometer, na general class of instruments designed todetect and measure radiant energy.reference material, na material with known performance.reference specimen, na portion of the reference materialthat is to be exposed.relative humidity, nthe ratio of the actual pressure ofexisting water v
45、apor to the maximum possible (saturation)pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere at the sametemperature, expressed as a percentage. E41sample, na group of units or portion of material, taken froma larger collection of units or quantity of material, whichserves to provide information that can be us
46、ed as a basis foraction on the larger quantity.DISCUSSIONWhere sample is used as a term for the item to beexposed, the term is deprecated in favor of specimen.solar azimuth angle, nthe angular distance measured clock-wise from due north to the projection of the beam radiationon the horizontal plane
47、(see Fig. 1).solar irradiance, nas related to natural weathering ofmaterials, the irradiance of the sun incident on the earthssurface, having wavelengths between about 295 nm and4050 nm (4.05 microns). E 772solar irradiance, global E5(2p), nsolar irradiance receivedon an upward facing horizontal sur
48、face directly transmittedfrom the solid angle of the suns disk or scattered intraversing the atmosphere, measured in watts per squaremetre.solar irradiance, infraredas related to natural weatheringof materials, terrestrial solar irradiance for which the wave-lengths are longer than those for visible
49、 irradiance andshorter than about 4.05 microns.DISCUSSIONThe limits of the spectral range of infrared radiation arenot well defined and may vary according to the user. Committee E-2.1.2of the CIE distinguishes in the spectral range between 780 nm and 1mm into IR-A, IR-B, and IR-C as shown below.IR-A 780 to 14 mIR-B 1.4to3mIR-C 3mto1mmsolar irradiance, ultraviolet, nas related to natural weath-ering of materials, terrestrial solar irradiance for which thewavelengths are shorter than those for visible irradiance and
