1、Designation: G147 09G147 17Standard Practice forConditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials forNatural and Artificial Weathering Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers specimen preparation, identification, packing, shipping, handling,
3、and conditioning before, during, andafter natural and artificial weathering testing.1.2 This practice includes details on the conditioning of specimens after exposure and before examination. This practice alsocovers long-term storage of file specimens.1.3 Conditioning in this practice does not refer
4、 to the specific act of exposing the specimens to the weathering factors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
5、the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no equivalent ISO standard describing procedures for identification, shipping, conditioning, and handling of specimens intended fornatural or artificial weathering tests. ISO 139 and ISO 291 describe procedures used for condition
6、ing specimens prior to and during physical propertytesting.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations iss
7、uedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1776 Practice for
8、 Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials (Withdrawn2016)3E41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG24 Practice fo
9、r Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered Through GlassG90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natural SunlightG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonm
10、etallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG154 Practice for
11、 Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 Other Documents:4ISO 139 TextilesStandard Atmosphere for Conditioning and TestingISO 291 PlasticsStandard Atmosp
12、heres for Conditioning and Testing1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.01 on JointWeathering Projects.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009June 1, 2017. Published March 2009June 2017. Origina
13、lly approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 asG147 02.G147 09. DOI: 10.1520/G0147-09.10.1520/G0147-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, ref
14、er to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an
15、 ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. I
16、n all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Ter
17、minology3.1 The definitions given in Terminologies E41 and G113 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Unless otherwise stated, use of the term “specimens” in this practice refers to specimens of the test material and of anyapplicable reference or control materials included as part of the exposure expe
18、riment.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 handling, nthe management of a specimen between exposure periods, or prior to, or after an exposure test.4. Significance and Use4.1 Weathering is an inherently variable science due to the fact that weather itself is variable. In additio
19、n, there can be variabilityin results in artificial accelerated testing even when all devices are running identical exposure cycles. Therefore, it is essential tocontrol all factors as much as possible in order to reduce the overall source of error.4.2 Proper handling of specimens is extremely impor
20、tant for maintaining the integrity of the material being evaluated. Damageto specimens caused by improper handling and labeling can adversely affect the validity of the testing program, causing loss ofmoney and time. Improper handling can introduce nonstandard procedures into the protocol which may
21、be a significant source ofvariability, adversely affecting the overall precision of results obtained. Improper handling may also introduce a bias in the resultsobtained.4.3 Changes to materials can occur even under a seemingly benign conditioning environment, especially if the specimen hasalready be
22、en exposed.Therefore it is necessary to minimize the number and length of non-testing periods in order that the exposureis the only cause of further changes.5. General Handling Procedures5.1 Handle all test specimens with care and attention. Physical damage resulting from improper handling can disto
23、rt the resultsfrom the exposure. Wear clean soft cotton gloves if the specimen will be touched on the exposed surface in order to avoid exposingsurfaces to skin oils.5.1.1 In climates where it is necessary to wear sunscreen, insect repellent, or other skin treatments, take extra precautions thatthes
24、e are not transferred to the test specimen.5.2 The front surface (that is, the side to be oriented towards the light source) is the primary surface of a test specimen. However,some three dimensional specimens may have more than one primary surface. The primary surface(s) must remain free of marksor
25、damage not caused by the weathering elements. Handle test specimens by the edges whenever possible.5.3 It is recommended that the test specimens be separated during shipment or storage. This ensures that the specimen surfacewill not be damaged by abrasion or by interaction with other specimens. For
26、flat specimens, this can be accomplished using slottedcontainers or racks. If specimens are to be stacked, use of a smooth liner film or paper between adjacent specimens isrecommended. Non-textured paper, coated papers such as release liners, or unstabilized polyethylene or polyester films are suita
27、bleprotective layers. Any material placed against the face of the test specimens shall not contaminate or have other interaction withthe specimen that affects durability or appearance. For some materials, specimens can be stacked face-to-face. However, this is notrecommended because of the damage wh
28、ich can be caused by abrasion or interaction between the surfaces of adjacent specimens.NOTE 2Textured paper may leave surface impressions, and additives such as antioxidants, UV absorbers, or plasticizers can migrate from a film ontothe test specimen. Suppliers of polymer films can be found in the
29、Thomas Register.5.4 Never rest the test specimen on its primary surface without protection. Care should be taken not to mar the surface whenspecimens are placed on measurement equipment, on test frames used for outdoor exposures, or in specimen holders used inlaboratory-accelerated exposure devices.
30、5.5 In the event that it is necessary to handle wet specimens, take extra care to ensure that nothing contacts the primary surfaceuntil it has dried completely.6. Specimen Identification6.1 Each specimen shall be uniquely coded, and the test laboratory shall maintain records which allow the followin
31、g informationto be determined:6.1.1 Laboratory I.D. code number.6.1.2 Exposure location.6.1.3 Exposure type:6.1.3.1 Exposure angle (when applicable),6.1.3.2 Orientation,6.1.3.3 Backing type,6.1.3.4 Device type (when applicable), and6.1.3.5 Exposure cycle (when applicable).G147 1726.1.4 Intended dura
32、tion of exposure.6.1.5 Individual specimen identification:6.1.5.1 Series,6.1.5.2 Formula code, or6.1.5.3 Consecutive numbering.6.1.6 Replicate Number.6.2 The identifying mark for a specimen shall be made in such a manner that it does not affect the test results for the specimenduring the exposure.6.
33、3 Typically, most marking is made on the back or nonexposed side of the test specimen. Do not label the top of the exposedsurface with any marking system (inks) that may degrade, run down, and contaminate the specimen.6.3.1 When using an ink or any other liquid as a marker, make sure that it has ful
34、ly dried before stacking specimens.6.4 Typical methods for marking specimens are:6.4.1 Scribing,6.4.2 Permanent ink marker pen,6.4.3 Paint pen,6.4.4 Grease crayon6.4.5 Tag attached to the specimen, and6.4.6 Bar code labels.NOTE 3The following items have been found to be useful for marking specimens:
35、 permanent marker pen, (broad tip, black only), paint pen, and greasecrayon. If the durability of the marking made by a marker pen, grease crayon, or paint pen is not known, experiments to evaluate durability should beconducted prior to use for identifying specimens.6.5 Do not scribe on the exposed
36、side of the specimen when oxidation of the specimen or substrate will cause unwantedspecimen damage or when the information will become obscured.6.6 When test specimens must be marked on the front side, place the marking away from the center portion of the specimen,preferably in a corner. The markin
37、g on the front surface will be affected by the same weathering factors as the specimen, andtherefore, extra attention must be given to the durability of the marking.6.7 The frame to which specimens are attached may also be marked provided that the frame and specimens remain togetherthroughout the ex
38、posure.7. Shipping Specimens7.1 Incorrect shipping methods can have a deleterious effect on test materials and is an often overlooked source of error inexposure tests. Specimens damaged during shipment can result in postponement or cancellation of exposures or may result in onlypartial completion of
39、 critical experiments. Shipping is an inherently rigorous process, but damage can be minimized with care.NOTE 4Care should be taken to minimize exposure of specimens to extremely high or low temperatures or to conditions that might result in thermalshock during shipping.7.2 When transporting or ship
40、ping specimens from one location to another, care should be taken to use sturdy shippingcontainers for all specimens.7.3 It is recommended that specimens be isolated from one another during shipping.7.3.1 For flat specimens such as metal panels with a coating, a slotted box is the best form of shipp
41、ing container. The panelsare placed in a wooden box with slots at opposite sides to hold the top and bottom of the panel. There should be adequate spacingbetween each slot to prevent contact between neighboring panels.7.3.2 As an alternative to using a container with precut slots, the specimens may
42、be maintained separately by placing a spacerat each end. Use a wood dowel or extruded polystyrene foam block wrapped in a smooth film or paper, and ensure that the boxis completely filled. Use bulk packing material to fill in any excess space in the box.7.4 If specimens are to be stacked and bundled
43、 during shipment, use the following procedure:7.4.1 Place a smooth film or paper meeting the requirements of 5.3 between adjacent specimens.7.4.2 Bundle specimens using paper or other wrapping material and pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. The paper or otherwrapping material used shall not contamina
44、te or interact with the specimens in any way that will affect the results from exposuretests or property measurements.7.4.3 Place bundled specimens in a box or container and use bulk packaging material to isolate the bundles. It is recommendedthat the volume of the container be at least 50 % greater
45、 than the total volume of bundles placed in the container. Expandedpolystyrene foam chips, poly bubble liner, and shredded paper (except newsprint) have been found acceptable as bulk packingmaterial. Pack the container as tightly as possible to avoid damage caused by movement during shipping.7.5 For
46、 irregularly shaped specimens, it is recommended that each be wrapped in a smooth film or paper. Use bulk packingmaterial to separate specimens during shipment. Pack specimens as tightly as possible to avoid damage during shipping. TheG147 173smooth film or paper and bulk packing material shall not
47、interact with, cause abrasion, or otherwise adversely affect the specimens.The volume of the container used for shipping should be 50 % greater than the total volume of the specimens it will hold.7.6 Large specimens that require crating should be securely fastened to the crating base. Frame the side
48、s and top of the cratewith solid material.7.7 Place any special handling instructions for the panels being shipped in a clearly marked envelope or packet on the outsideof the container. Place “fragile” labels on all shipments that are easily damaged.7.8 Keep a complete record of all shipments to fac
49、ilitate tracing in the event that they are lost. These records include theshipping method employed, shipment date, and any tracing or tracking numbers provided by the shipper.8. Initial Receipt of Specimens8.1 Upon initial receipt of specimens to be exposed, read any special handling instructions attached to the packaging before thepackage is opened. Inspect the packaging material for signs of damage. If any signs of damage are found, they shall be noted andreported to the originator.NOTE 5Signs of package damage could indicate adverse effects on the specimens enclose
