1、Designation: G 164 99 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as anANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication onprocesse
3、d photographic films. Its purpose was to determine thepresence of process-surviving lubricants on photographicfilms. It is the purpose of this test method to expand theapplicability of this test method to other flexible webs that mayneed lubrication for suitable performance. This test measuresthe br
4、eakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider onthe web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the testis to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.It is not intended to rank lubricants.1.2 The
5、values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
6、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:2ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 forPhotography-Processed Films-Method for DeterminingLubrication3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient
7、of friction, , n, in tribologythe dimen-sionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to thenormal force (N) pressing these bodies together.3.1.2 friction force, nthe resisting force tangential to theinterface between two bodies when, under the action ofexternal force, one body moves o
8、r tends to move relative to theother.3.1.3 lubricant, nany substance interposed between twosurfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wearbetween them.3.1.4 static coeffcient of friction, nthe coefficient offriction corresponding to the maximum friction force that mustbe overcome to initi
9、ate macroscopic motion between twobodies.3.1.5 triboelement, none of two or more solid bodieswhich comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or abody subjected to impingement or cavitation.3.1.6 tribology, nthe science and technology concernedwith interacting surfaces in relative motion, inc
10、luding friction,lubrication, wear, and erosion.3.1.7 tribosystem, nany system that contains one or moretriboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method can be used to measure the frictionchar
11、acteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding againstthe curved smooth surface of a paper clip.4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip takenfrom a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined planedevice with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip isbalanced on t
12、he web surface with the inclined plane in thehorizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until therider breaks away.4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. Thetangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-system.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many web materials
13、 do not convey satisfactorily inmanufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unlesstheir surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the formof a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often veryexpensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysistechniques to q
14、uantify the presence of these films. A simplefriction test like this one performs this function.5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detectthe presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic filmsat various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfacesare lubricated with
15、 waxes and this test reliably detects if thewax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Publ
16、ished May 2009. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as G 16499(2004).2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
17、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test tomake sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normallycompared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef-ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with thecoefficien
18、t of friction of the unlubricated reference specimensto determine if a lubricant is present.6. Apparatus6.1 Friction SliderThe rider in this friction test is aU-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. Thisrider slides on the test web that is attached to the inclinedplane. The materia
19、l of construction is not important, but thecenter of gravity shall be at least 25 mm below the end of thepaper clip. Acrylic sheet has been determined to be a suitablematerial of construction. The paper clip must be uncoated steeland have a smooth (as opposed to serrated or dull) finish. Theoverall
20、dimensions of suitable paper clips are between 5 and 8mm wide and between 25 and 35 mm long. The wire diametershould be in the range of 0.6 to 0.75 mm. The mass of the slidershould be in the range of 50 to 100 g.6.2 Inclined PlaneThe dimensions and typical construc-tion of the inclined plane test ri
21、g are shown in Fig. 1. Theessential requirements of the inclined plane are:6.2.1 The surface of the inclined plane should be smooth(0.2 m Ra surface roughness) rigid and not deformableunder test conditions. Acrylic sheet has been determined to bean acceptable surface.6.2.2 It shall be narrow and hig
22、h enough to accommodateunobstructed slider motion.6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or itshall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sidedpressure sensitive adhesive.6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered withsmooth uninterrupted motion and it shall
23、 have a means ofclamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakawayoccurs.6.3 Angle MeasurementThe test metric is the angle incli-nation of the inclined plane (u) when rider motion occurs. Thisangle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of agage on the device. A suitable device for
24、angle measurement isan electronic level. These devices present a digital anglereadout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to60.1. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shallbe 1.7. Test Procedure7.1 Sample PreparationTest samples shall be the thick-ness of the test material
25、 with a width between 25 and 35 mmand a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not contaminatethe test with fingerprints or other material that is not normallyfound on the test surface. Outer convolutions of web rolls areoften contaminated by operators holding the film tight whilethe roll is taped.
26、 Do not use outer convolutions for testing.7.2 Test MaterialsAny material that will lay flat on theinclined plane may be tested, but the test was developed for theflexible webs used to make photographic film. Do not use thistest for sandpaper and the like that will damage the papercliprider during t
27、he test.7.3 Test ConditionsConduct tests with relative humiditybetween 35 and 55 % and at a temperature of 20 6 5C.Condition samples for 24 h in the test atmosphere prior totesting.7.4 Mounting the WebMount the test web with a clamp oradhere it in such a manner that it is flat to the inclined planew
28、ith no wrinkles or bows. If the sample is taped to the inclinedplane, do not put the tape in the test area.7.5 Conducting the TestClamp the test rig to a levelhorizontal surface. Raise the sample plane to an arbitraryangle; place the rider (paper-clip) on the inclined plane so thatonly the paper cli
29、p touches the test surface. If the rider slidesdown the plane, lower the plane and repeat placement of therider on the test surface. If the rider still freely slides repeat theprocedure until the rider no longer moves on the inclined plane.Repeat this operation until the maximum angle is determined(
30、to the precision desired) at which point the rider fails to slide.7.5.1 Repeat the procedure twice more on a different area ofthe test sample. Calculate the arithmetic average of the threeangle determinations. Take the tangent of the average and thisis the test result, a unitless static coefficient
31、of friction for apaperclip/film tribosystem.s5 tan uavg of 3 determinations(1)8. Report8.1 Test DataThe following values shall be recorded:8.1.1 The name and number of the test sample,8.1.2 Identify the test surface,8.1.3 The average friction coefficient(s) of the surface(s)tested,8.1.4 The number o
32、f samples tested, and8.1.5 The temperature and relative humidity of the test.8.2 Interpretation of ResultsTotally unlubricated cellulosetriacetate films generally produce static friction coefficients inexcess of 0.4. Effective lubricants, well applied, will generallyproduce static coefficients of fr
33、iction of 0.15 or lower. Howeverthe presence of lubrication can only be determined withcertainty if the paper clip test is conducted on a control samplewith known lubrication. This test is intended to identifyFIG. 1 ApparatusG 164 99 (2009)2surfaces that are supposed to be lubricated and are not, or
34、 ifthey are improperly lubricated.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionThe test variability in interlaboratory testson three lubricated (carnauba wax) and unlubricated plasticwebs is shown in Table 1. The research report includes agraphical presentation of all of the test results.39.1.1 The within-labo
35、ratory variation was essentially 10 %or less; the between-laboratory variation was in the range of 17to 27 %.9.2 BiasThere is no absolute value of a friction coeffi-cient. It is a product of a particular tribosystem. Therefore, thevalue can have no bias. Some of the factors in this test methodthat c
36、an cause reproducibility and repeatability problems are asfollows:9.2.1 Contamination of the test surfaces,9.2.2 A burr or nick on the rider,9.2.3 Irregular motion (jerking) in raising or lowering theplane,9.2.4 Temperature or humidity differences,9.2.5 A buckle or bubble of the web in the path of t
37、he rider,and9.2.6 Air currents directed on the rider.10. Keywords10.1 friction testing; photographic films; plastic sheet; staticcoefficient of friction; websASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standa
38、rd. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewe
39、d every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
40、technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
41、ohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data have b
42、een filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: G02-1011.TABLE 1 Interlaboratory Test Data-Statistical Analysis SummaryNOTEThe within-laboratory coefficient of variation ranged from 5 to 10.6 %; between laboratory ranged from 16.9 to 27.7 %.Interlato
43、ratory Friction Measurements (s)Between LaboratoryTest Surface Laboratory 1 Laboratory 2 Laboratory 3 Laboratory 4 Laboratory 5 Average Standard DeviationPVC 0.54 0.44 0.7 0.61 0.59 0.587 0.097PVC plus wax 0.18 0.12 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.23 0.064Pet 0.13 0.27 0.31 0.33 0.27 0.26 0.075Pet plus wax 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.024PTFE 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.1 0.14 0.1 0.029PTFE plus wax 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.09 0.076 0.024G 164 99 (2009)3
