1、Designation: G 190 06Standard Guide forDeveloping and Selecting Wear Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 190; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers general information for the develop-ment and selection of a wear test for an intended application.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
3、rds:2D 2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)D 2670 Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties ofFluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Method)D 2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of theFalex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing
4、MachineD 3702 Test Method for Wear Rate and Coefficient ofFriction of Materials in Self-Lubricated Rubbing ContactUsing a Thrust Washer Testing MachineD 3704 Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties ofLubricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring TestMachine in Oscillating MotionD 4170 Test
5、Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubri-cating GreasesD 4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)F 732 Test Method for Wear Testing of Polymeric MaterialsUsed in Total Joint ProsthesesG32 Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using VibratoryApparat
6、usG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and ErosionG56 Test Method for Abrasiveness of Ink-ImpregnatedFabric Printer RibbonsG65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the DrySand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusG73 Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion TestingG75 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasiv
7、ity(Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Mate-rials (SAR Number)G76 Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by SolidParticle Impingement Using Gas JetsG77 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials toSliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear TestG81 Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Ab
8、rasion TestG83 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-CylinderApparatus3G98 Test Method for Galling Resistance of MaterialsG99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-DiskApparatusG 105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/RubberWheel Abrasion TestsG117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Mea
9、sures ofPrecision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-sion TestsG118 Guide for Recommended Format of Wear Test DataSuitable for DatabasesG119 Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear andCorrosionG 132 Test Method for Pin Abrasion TestingG 133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-o
10、n-FlatSliding WearG 134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by aCavitating Liquid JetG 137 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Ma-terials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configu-rationG 163 Guide for Digital Data Acquisition in Wear andFriction MeasurementsG 171 Test Method fo
11、r Scratch Hardness of Materials Usinga Diamond StylusG 174 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance ofMaterials by Abrasive Loop ContactG 176 Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastics toSliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear TestCumulative Wear MethodG 181 Practice for Conducting Friction T
12、ests of Piston Ringand Cylinder Liner Materials Under Lubricated Conditions1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear andErosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.20 on Computeriza-tion in Wear.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007.
13、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
14、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology G40for terms used in this guide.3.1.2 weardamage to a solid surface, generally involvingprogressive loss of material, due to relative motion betweenthat surface and a contacting subst
15、ance or substances.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 wear testany test for the determination of wearcharacteristics of materials.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes the generic elements that need tobe considered in the selection and development of a wear testfor it to
16、be relevant to an application. General recommenda-tions and considerations regarding these elements and theirsignificance in the process of selecting and developing a weartest are provided. Variability to be expected with a well-controlled test is discussed as well as the correlation with anapplicat
17、ion.4.2 This guide describes a general methodology for theimplementation of a wear test. This methodology comprisesthe elements of simulation, acceleration, apparatus design,specimen preparation, test protocol, measurement, and docu-mentation of results.5. Significance and Use5.1 The guidance and me
18、thodology provided by this guideis applicable for any wear situation and is not limited tomaterial or lubrication. This guide is intended to providegeneral information and guidance regarding the selection anddevelopment of a wear test and does not provide specificsabout any one wear test or intended
19、 application. In general thevariability and correlation that is obtained with any wear test isdetermined by the degree to which the various elements of thewear test methodology described in this guide are followed.6. Elements of Method6.1 Wear behavior is a complex phenomenon, involving twoor more b
20、odies, one or more materials, and dependent on awide range of factors, such as motion, loading, and environ-ment. A material can wear by different mechanisms in differentsituations and different materials can wear by different mecha-nisms in the same wear situation. Wear of one surface or bodycan al
21、so be influenced by the wear of the other contacting body.As a result, wear behavior, or simply wear, is best viewed as asystem property not a material property. The group of elementsthat affect wear behavior is referred to as a tribosystem.6.2 Because of this complex nature of wear, the primaryelem
22、ent involved in the selection of a wear test for anapplication is the simulation of the tribosystem of the applica-tion in the wear test. Another element of the methodology forselecting a wear test is acceleration of wear results, which isrelated to the consideration of simulation. Apparatus design,
23、specimen preparation, test protocol, and measurement areadditional elements of this methodology. In addition to theirrelationships with the need for simulation, these further ele-ments are important in obtaining acceptable repeatability oftest results.6.3 Documentation of the result of a wear test i
24、s also anelement of this methodology, and this is important for assess-ment and interpretation of the data obtained, as well as for thereporting of such data.6.4 Simulation:6.4.1 Simulation ensures that the behavior experienced inthe test is the same as in the application. Given the complexityof wea
25、r and the current incomplete understanding of wear andits phenomena, test development is subject to trial and errorand is dependent on the capability of the developer. Ideally, thetest would exactly duplicate a wear situation. However, thisgenerally is neither practical nor possible. Some difference
26、swill have to be accepted. While this is the case, any differencebetween the test and the intended application should beevaluated carefully to obtain relevant and useful wear data forthe application.6.4.2 The literature, prior data, and results of auxiliary orpreliminary tests are useful in assessin
27、g the possible effects ofdifferences.6.4.3 The engineer concerned with reliability and life gen-erally requires precise simulation. However, the material de-veloper interested in a convenient test to rank the wearresistance of materials usually requires only that the testsimulates the general area o
28、f application.6.4.4 Contact conditions, primarily, the motion, contactstress, wear agent, lubrication, and environment, generallyneed to be representative of the application for adequatesimulation.6.4.5 Wear test simulation does not require that an applica-tion be replicated to provide valid data, p
29、rovided the essentialelements of a wear situation are replicated. For example, asliding wear test is used to evaluate the wear resistance ofmaterial used for print elements in mechanical printers. In thisapplication, the apparent key element is impact. Print elementwear, however, is caused by slidin
30、g abrasive action that occursduring impact, which is simulated in a sliding test (see TestMethod G56). As another example, the configuration of thedry-sand rubber wheel test (see Test Method G65), useful inranking material wear situations involving dry abrasion, is nottypical of some situations to w
31、hich the test is applied. In thetest, a rotating rubber wheel presses and rubs sand across theface of a specimen. A typical use of this test is to selectmaterials for farm tools operating in sandy soils, where dryabrasion often dominates the wear situation.6.4.6 Wear Scar Morphology and DebrisAlthou
32、gh gen-eral knowledge and experience can aid in assessing thedifferences between test and application, correlations in wearbehavior between test and application should also be studied.The most helpful correlation in developing a test is comparisonof the worn surface and wear debris produced in the t
33、est tothose produced in the application. The morphology of the scar,the presence or absence of oxidized or other surface layers,changes in the microstructure of the material, and wear debrissize, shape, and composition can be compared. If majorfeatures of the wear scar and debris are different, vali
34、dsimulation is unlikely. Wear mechanisms frequently result incharacteristic wear particles. Consequently, comparing weardebris can be very useful.G1900626.4.7 Test Geometry:6.4.7.1 Selection of test geometry is another factor that mustbe considered when simulating wear conditions. For example,labora
35、tory sliding contact wear tests employ three generaltypes of contactpoint contacts (such as a sphere on a plane)for example, Test Methods G83and G 133, line contacts (suchas a cylinder on a flat), for example, Test Method G77, andconforming contacts (such as a flat on a flat), for example, TestMetho
36、ds D 3702 and G75. In addition to simulation aspects,each of these geometries has advantages and disadvantages.Point-contact geometry eliminates alignment problems andallows wear to be studied from the start of the test. However,stress levels change as wear progresses, requiring more com-plex data a
37、nalysis and comparison techniques. Furthermore, inthe presence of a lubricant, point, line, and conformingcontacts will differ greatly with respect to viscosity andanti-wear additives.6.4.7.2 Because of the differences in stress behavior, a pointor line contact is more sensitive to stress-dependent
38、wearmechanisms than a conforming contact. For example, a pointor line contact results in a different relationship between wearand sliding distance when the wear is a function of stress,compared with when it is not, because the stress level changesas wear progresses. A conforming contact with constan
39、t stressdoes not show this response. Stress dependency of the linecontact lies between the point and conforming contact. Thedifferences in these geometries must be recognized to obtainthe required simulation.6.4.7.3 Conforming-contact tests generally allow the partsto “wear-in” to establish uniform
40、and stable contact geometrybefore taking data. As a result, it is difficult to identify wear-inphenomena, because there is no continuous observation ofwear behavior. Consequently, it is difficult to differentiatesurface modifications from simple alignment improvements. Inaddition, for applications i
41、n which allowed wear is small, thewear-in period of these tests may be the most relevant portionof the test. However, conforming contact provides constantload and stress conditions once the parts are worn-in.6.5 Test AccelerationAcceleration in a test is desirable,since unaccelerated tests frequentl
42、y are more costly and timeconsuming. However, acceleration may threaten simulation bysignificantly altering or introducing different phenomena. Wearmechanisms generally have threshold acceleration values fortransition from mild to severe wear behavior. In addition,acceleration of such parameters as
43、load or speed can emphasizeone wear mechanism over another, thus causing different wearbehavior. Nevertheless, most wear tests incorporate someelement of accelerationcontinuous operation, measurementof smaller quantities of wear, or higher loads, speeds, andtemperatures. All acceleration aspects ass
44、ociated with a testneed to be evaluated in terms of their possible effect onsimulation and should focus on potential changes in wearmechanism.6.6 Apparatus Considerations, Specimen Preparation andTest Protocol:6.6.1 Apparatus design, specimen preparation, and test pro-tocol are important elements fo
45、r precision and repeatability.Lack of attention to these areas cause unacceptable scatter inwear tests. However, when properly addressed, scatter cangenerally be reduced to acceptable levels for most engineeringapplication.6.6.2 In general, the test apparatus should be designed withenough ruggedness
46、 and precision to provide repeatable andstable wear conditions.6.6.3 To reduce scatter in wear testing, a test should be builtaround uniform, consistent, and readily obtainable referencematerial. Periodic standard tests should monitor the conditionof the test rig, skill of the operator, and such fac
47、tors as theinfluence of ambient environment, for example, room tempera-ture and humidity, effects. Examples of the use of a referencematerial in wear testing can be found in Test Methods D 2714,G56, and G75.6.6.4 Generally, close simulation or replication exists intests that show good correlation to
48、 practice, and tight controlsare evident in tests that provide good repeatability and lowscatter. The ASTM wear test methods provide examples of thedetail and care that are necessary to obtain good repeatabilityand minimum scatter (see Test Methods D 2266, D 2670,D 3704, D 4170, D 4172, F 732, G32,
49、G73, G76, G81, G98,G99, G 105, G119, G 132, G 134, G 137, G 163, G 171,G 174, G 176, and G 181). The precision of the apparatus,specimen preparation, conditions of the counterface and theabrasive (when appropriate) and details of wear measurementand reporting are discussed in each procedure.6.6.5 Specimen preparation and the details of test controlvary with the test and materials involved. For metals, surfaceroughness, geometry of the specimens, microstructure, homo-geneity, hardness, and presence of surface layers usually mustbe controlled. Similar controls are also necessary fo
