1、Designation: G88 05G88 13Standard Guide forDesigning Systems for Oxygen Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document.Specifically, this guide addresses sys
3、tem factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address theselection of materials of construction for which Guides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or otherdesign considerations for which well-known practices are available. This gui
4、de also does not address issues concerning the toxicityof nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.NOTE 1The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connectionwith any item mentioned in this guide. Users of t
5、his guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods anddata and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with it
6、s use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:Section Title SectionReferenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1ASTM Ad
7、juncts 2.2CGA Documents 2.3ASTM Manuals 2.3NFPA Documents 2.4EIGA Documents 2.4CGA Documents 2.5ASTM Manuals 2.5EIGA Documents 2.6Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Purpose of G88 4.1Role of G88 4.2Use of G88 4.3Factors Affecting the Design for anOxygen or Oxygen-Enriched System5General 5.1Factors R
8、ecognized as CausingFires5.2Temperature 5.2.1Spontaneous Ignition 5.2.2Pressure 5.2.3Concentration 5.2.4Contamination 5.2.5Particle Impact 5.2.6Heat of Compression 5.2.7Friction and Galling 5.2.8Resonance 5.2.9Static Electric Discharge 5.2.10Electrical Arc 5.2.11Flow Friction 5.2.12Mechanical Impact
9、 5.2.13Kindling Chain 5.2.141 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee G04.02 on Recommended Practices.Current edition approved July 1, 2005Oct. 1, 2013. Pub
10、lished November 2005November 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 19972005as G88 90 (1997)G881. 05. DOI: 10.1520/G0088-05.10.1520/G0088-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes
11、have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official
12、document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Section Title SectionOther Ignition Mechanisms 5.2.15Test Methods 6System Design Method 7Overview 7.1Final Design 7.2Avoid Unnecessarily ElevatedTemperatures7.3Avoid Unnecessari
13、ly ElevatedPressures7.4Design for System Cleanness 7.5Avoid Particle Impacts 7.6Minimize Heat of Compression 7.7Avoid Friction and Galling 7.8Avoid Corrosion 7.9Avoid Resonance 7.10Use Proven Hardware 7.11Design to Manage Fires 7.12Anticipate Indirect Oxygen Exposure 7.13Minimize Available Fuel/Oxyg
14、en 7.14Avoid Potentially ExothermicMaterial Combinations7.15Anticipate Common FailureMechanism Consequences7.16Avoid High Surface-Area-to-Volume(S/V) Conditionswhere Practical7.17Avoid Unnecessarily-ElevatedOxygen Concentrations7.18Anticipate Permutations fromIntended System Design7.19Avoid Designs
15、and FailureScenarios that can IntroducePotential Flow Friction IgnitionHazards7.20Use Only the Most Compatible ofPractical Materialsand Designs7.21Provide Thorough Safety Trainingfor All PersonnelWorking with Oxygen or Oxygen-EnrichedComponents or Systems, includingDesign,Cleaning, Assembly, Operati
16、ons,andMaintenance as Applicable toPersonnel7.22Miscellaneous 7.23Examples 8Key Words 9References2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2G63 Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen ServiceG72 Test Method forAutogenous Ignition Temperature of Liquids and Solids in a High-Pressure Oxy
17、gen-Enriched EnvironmentG74 Test Method for Ignition Sensitivity of Nonmetallic Materials and Components by Gaseous Fluid ImpactG93 Practice for Cleaning Methods and Cleanliness Levels for Material and Equipment Used in Oxygen-Enriched EnvironmentsG94 Guide for Evaluating Metals for Oxygen ServiceG1
18、28 Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen Enriched SystemsG175 Test Method for Evaluating the Ignition Sensitivity and Fault Tolerance of Oxygen Regulators Used for Medical andEmergency ApplicationsNOTE 2The latest versions of these referenced documents should be consulted.2.2 ASTM Adjunct
19、s:3ADJG0088 Oxygen Safety Videotape and Separate2 For referenced ASTM adjuncts and standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM websi
20、te.3 Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order ADJG0088.G88 1322.3 ASTM Manual:Manual 36 Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems: Guidelines for Oxygen System Design, Materials Selection, Operations,Storage, and Transportation2.4 NFPA Standards4NFPA 50 Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consumer SitesN
21、FPA 53 Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres2.5 Compressed Gas Association Documents:CGA E-4 Standard for Gas Pressure RegulatorsCGA G-4.1 Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen ServiceCGA G-4.4 Oxygen Pipeline and Piping SystemsCGA G-4.6 Oxygen Compres
22、sor Installation and Operation GuideCGA G-4.7 Installation Guide for Stationary Electric Motor Driven Centrifugal Liquid Oxygen PumpsCGA G-4.8 Safe Use of Aluminum Structured Packing for Oxygen DistillationCGA G-4.9 Safe Use of Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers for Producing Pressurized OxygenCGA G-4.
23、11 Reciprocating Oxygen Compressor Code of PracticeCGA G-4.13 Centrifugal Compressors for Oxygen ServiceCGA P-8.4 Safe Operation of Reboilers/Condensers in Air Separation UnitsCGA P-8 Safe Practices Guide for Air Separation PlantsCGA P-25 Guide for Flat Bottomed LOX/LIN/LAR Storage Tank SystemsCGA P
24、S-15 Toxicity Considerations of Nonmetallic Materials in Medical Oxygen Cylinder ValvesCGA SB-2 Definition of Oxygen Enrichment/Deficiency Safety Criteria2.6 European Industrial Gases Association Documents:EIGA/IGC 4 Fire Hazards of Oxygen and Oxygen Enriched AtmospheresEIGA/IGC Doc 11/8210 Centrifu
25、gal Oxygen Compressor Code of PracticeReciprocating Oxygen Compressors For OxygenServiceEIGA/IGC Doc 13/02/E13 Oxygen Pipeline and Piping SystemsEIGA/IGC Doc 27/0127/12 Centrifugal Oxygen Compressor Code of PracticeCompressors For Oxygen ServiceEIGA/IGC 33 Cleaning of Equipment for Oxygen Service Gu
26、idelineEIGA/IGC Doc 65/99/E65 Safe Operation of Reboilers/Condensers in Air Separation UnitsEIGA/IGC Doc 73/00/E73/08 High-Pressure Breathing Gas Systems Toxicity Risks of Using Non Metallic MaterialsDesignConsiderations to Mitigate the Potential Risks of Toxicity when using Non-metallic Materials i
27、n High Pressure OxygenBreathing SystemsEIGA/IGC 115 Storage of Cryogenic Air Gases at Users PremisesEIGA/IGC 127 Bulk Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon Storage Systems at Production SitesEIGA/IGC 144 Safe Use of Aluminum-Structured Packing for Oxygen DistillationEIGA/IGC 145 Safe Use of Brazed Alumi
28、num Heat Exchangers for Producing Pressurized OxygenEIGA/IGC 147 Safe Practices Guide for Air Separation PlantsEIGA/IGC 148 Installation Guide for Stationary Electric-Motor-Driven Centrifugal Liquid Oxygen PumpsEIGA/IGC 154 Safe Location of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Inert Gas VentsEIGA/IGC 159 Reciprocat
29、ing Cryogenic Pump and Pump InstallationEIGA/IGC 179 Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Argon Cryogenic Tanker Loading Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 characteristic elementsthose factors that must be present for an ignition mechanism to be active in an oxygen
30、-enrichedatmosphere.3.1.2 direct oxygen serviceservice in contact with oxygen during normal operations. Examples: oxygen compressor pistonrings, control valve seats.3.1.3 gallinga condition whereby excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with subsequent splittingand a furt
31、her roughening of rubbing surfaces of one or both of two mating parts.3.1.4 indirect oxygen serviceservice in which oxygen is not normally contacted but in which it might be as a result of areasonably foreseeable malfunction (single fault), operator error, or process disturbance. Examples: liquid ox
32、ygen tank insulation,liquid oxygen pump motor bearings.3.1.5 oxygen-enriched atmospherea fluid (gas or liquid) mixture that contains more than 25 mol % oxygen.4 ASTM G4Math Utility software, available fromASTM International Technical (2) the cleaning of oxygenhardware which is supported by a series
33、of standards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods, and cleaning agentselection and evaluation; (3) the study of fire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related terminology.4.3 Use of Guide G88Guide G88 can be used as an initial design guideline for oxygen systems and components, but
34、 can alsobe used as a tool to perform safety audits of existing oxygen systems and components. When used as an auditing tool for existingsystems, Guide G88 can be applied in two stages: first examining system schematics/drawings, then by visually inspecting thesystem (that is, “walking the pipeline”
35、). Guide G88 can be used in conjunction with the materials selection/hazards analysisapproach outlined in Guides G63 and G94 to provide a comprehensive review of the fire hazards in an oxygen or oxygen-enrichedsystem (1).55. Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen-Enriched System5.1 Gen
36、eralAn oxygen system designer should understand that oxygen, fuel, and heat (source of ignition) must be present tostart and propagate a fire. Since materials of construction of the system are often flammable and oxygen is always present, thedesign of a system for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service r
37、equires identifying potential sources of ignition and the factors thataggravate propagation. The goal is to eliminate these factors or compensate for their presence. Preventing fires in oxygen andoxygen-enriched systems involves all of the following: minimizing system factors that cause fires and en
38、vironments that enhancefire propagation; maximizing the use of system materials with properties that resist ignition and burning, especially where ignitionmechanisms are active; and using good practices during system design, assembly, operations and maintenance.5.2 Factors Recognized as Causing Fire
39、s:5.2.1 TemperatureAs the temperature of a material increases, the amount of energy that must be added to produce ignitiondecreases (2). Operating a system at unnecessarily elevated temperatures, whether locally or generally elevated, reduces the safetymargin. The ignition temperature of the most ea
40、sily ignited material in a system is related to the temperature measured by TestMethod G72, but is also a function of system pressure, configuration and operation, and thermal history of the material. Elevatedtemperature also facilitates sustained burning of materials that might otherwise be self-ex
41、tinguishing.5.2.1.1 Thermal IgnitionThermal ignition consists of heating a material (either by external or self-heating means, see alsosection 5.2.2) in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature sufficient to cause ignition. In thermal ignition testing, the spontaneousignition temperature is normally
42、 used to rate material compatibility with oxygen as well as evaluate a materials ease of ignition.The ignition temperature of a given material is generally dependent on its thermal properties, including thermal conductivity, heatof oxidation, and thermal diffusivity, as well as other parameters such
43、 as geometry and environmental conditions (3). Thecharacteristic elements of forced thermal ignition in oxygen include the following:5.2.1.1.1An external heat source capable of heating a given material to its spontaneous ignition temperature in a given environment.5.2.1.1.2A material with a spontane
44、ous ignition temperature below the temperature created by the heat source in the given configurationand environment.5.2.1.1.3Example: A resistive element heater in a thermal runaway fault condition causing oxygen-wetted materials in near proximity tospontaneously ignite.5.2.2 Spontaneous IgnitionSom
45、e materials, notably certain accumulations of fines, porous materials, or liquids may undergoreactions that generate heat. If the heat balance (the rate of heating compared to the rate of dissipation) is unfavorable, thetemperature of the material will increase. In some cases, a thermal runaway temp
46、erature (a critical condition) may be attained andsome time later the material may spontaneously ignite. Ignition and fire may occur after short (seconds or minutes) or over long5 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.G88 134(hours, days or m
47、onths) periods of time. In the most extreme cases, the thermal runaway temperature may be near or below normalroom temperature. The characteristic elements of spontaneous ignition in oxidants include the following:5.2.2.1 A material that reacts (for example, oxidizes, decomposes) at temperatures sig
48、nificantly below its ignition temperature.If the rate of reaction is low, the effect of reaction can still be large if the material has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio (suchas dusts, particles, foams, chars, etc.). Likewise, materials that will not spontaneously combust in bulk forms may become
49、proneto do so when subdivided. In some cases, reaction products may instead serve to passivate the material surface producing aprotective coating that prevents ignition so long as it is not compromised (by melting, cracking, flaking, spalling, evaporating. etc.).Reaction products may also stratify or otherwise form an ignition-resistant barrier.TABLE 1 Role of Guide G88 with Respect to Other ASTM G04Standard Guides and Practices and their SupportingTest MethodsA ,BG128 Guide to Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen-EnrichedSystemsG88 Designing Systems for Oxygen
