1、ISO/ASTM 52701:2013(E)An American National StandardStandard Guide forPerformance Characterization of Dosimeters and DosimetrySystems for Use in Radiation Processing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 52701; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear
2、of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance on determining the per-formance characteristics of dosimeters and dosimetry systemsused in radiation processing.1.2 This guide describes the influence quantities that mightaffect the
3、performance of dosimeters and dosimetry systemsand that should be considered during dosimeter/dosimetrysystem characterization.1.3 Users of this guide are directed to existing standards andliterature for procedures to determine the effects from indi-vidual influence quantities and from combinations
4、of more thanone influence quantity.1.4 Guidance is provided regarding the roles of themanufacturers, suppliers, and users in the characterization ofdosimeters and dosimetry systems.1.5 This guide does not address how the dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization information is to be used inradiati
5、on processing applications or in the calibration ofdosimetry systems.NOTE 1For guidance on the use of dosimeter/dosimetry systemcharacterization information for the selection and use of a dosimetrysystem, the user is directed to ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.NOTE 2For guidance on the use of dosimeter/dosi
6、metry systemcharacterization information for dosimetry system calibration, the user isdirected to ISO/ASTM Practice 51261.1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropria
7、te safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Dosime
8、try SystemE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:251205 Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate DosimetrySystem51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-tems for Radiation Processing51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry forRadiation
9、 Processing52628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing2.3 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)Reports:JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,Evaluation of measurement data Guide to the Expres-sion of Uncertainty in Measurement3JCGM 100:2008, VIM , International vocabulary
10、 of metrol-ogy Basis and general concepts and associated terms42.4 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-surements (ICRU) Reports5Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Process-ingReport 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for IonizingRadiation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
11、.1.1 calibration curveexpression of the relation betweenindication and corresponding measured quantity value. VIM3.1.2 dosimeterdevice that, when irradiated, exhibits aquantifiable change that can be related to absorbed dose in agiven material using appropriate measurement instruments andprocedures.
12、1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on RadiationProcessing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.01 on Dosimetry,and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.Current edition approved July 20, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallypublished as ASTM E2
13、701-09. Last previous ASTM edition E2701-09. The presentInternational Standard ISO/ASTM 52701-2013(E) replaces ASTM E2701-09.2For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM Standards volume
14、information, refer to the standardsDocument Summary page on the ASTM website.3Document produced by Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides inMetrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http:/www.bipm.org).4Document produced by Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee
15、 for Guides inMetrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http:/www.bipm.org).5Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units andMeasurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved13.1.3 dosime
16、ter batchquantity of dosimeters made from aspecific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricatedin a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-tions and having a unique identification code.3.1.4 dosimeter/dosimetry system characteristizationdetermination of performance charac
17、teristics, such as usefuldose range, reproducibilty and the effects of influencequantities, for a dosimeter/dosimetry system under defined testconditions.3.1.5 dosimeter responsereproducible, quantifiable effectproduced in the dosimeter by ionizing radiation.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe dosimeter response
18、value, ob-tained from one or more measurements, is used in the estima-tion of the derived absorbed dose. The response value may beobtained from such measurements as optical absorbance,thickness, mass, peak-to-peak distance in EPR spectra, orelectropotential between solutions.3.1.6 dosimetry systemsy
19、stem used for measuring ab-sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instru-ments and their associated reference standards, and proceduresfor the systems use.3.1.7 influence quantityquantity that, in a directmeasurement, does not affect the quantity that is actuallymeasured, but affects the
20、 relation between the indication andthe measurement result. VIM3.1.7.1 DiscussionIn radiation processing dosimetry, thisterm includes temperature, relative humidity, time intervals,light, radiation energy, absorbed-dose rate, and other factorsthat might affect dosimeter response, as well as quantiti
21、esassociated with the measurement instrument.3.1.8 quality systemdocumented organizational structure,responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources for imple-menting quality management.3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard thatpertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may
22、be foundin ASTM Terminology E170. Definitions in ASTM E170 arecompatible with ICRU Report 85a; this document, therefore,may be used as an alternative reference. Definitions of otherterms used in this standard that pertain to statistics and designof experiments may be found in ASTM Terminologies E456
23、and E1325, respectively.4. Significance and use4.1 Ionizing radiation produces physical or chemicalchanges in many materials that can be measured and related toabsorbed dose. Materials with radiation-induced changes thathave been thoroughly studied can be used as dosimeters inradiation processing.NO
24、TE 3The scientific basis for commonly used dosimetry systemsand detailed descriptions of the radiation-induced interactions are given inICRU Report 80.4.2 Before a material can be considered for use as adosimeter, certain characteristics related to manufacture andmeasurement of its response to ioniz
25、ing radiation need to beconsidered, including:4.2.1 the ability to manufacture batches of the material withevidence demonstrating a reproducible radiation-inducedchange,4.2.2 the availability of instrumentation for measuring thischange, and4.2.3 the ability to take into account effects of influenceq
26、uantities on the dosimeter response and on the measuredabsorbed-dose values.4.3 Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization is con-ducted to determine the performance characteristics for adosimeter/dosimetry system related to its capability for mea-suring absorbed dose. The information obtained from
27、dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization includes the re-producibility of the measured absorbed-dose value, the usefulabsorbed-dose range, effects of influence quantities, and theconditions under which the dosimeters can be calibrated andused effectively.NOTE 4When dosimetry systems are calibrate
28、d under the conditionsof use, effects of influence quantities may be minimized or eliminated,because the effects can be accounted for or incorporated into thecalibration method (see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261).4.4 The influence quantities of importance might differ fordifferent radiation processing app
29、lications and facilities. Forreferences to standards describing different applications andfacilities, see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.4.5 Classification of a dosimeter as a type I dosimeter or atype II dosimeter (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628) is based onperformance characteristics related to the effects
30、of influencequantities obtained from dosimeter/dosimetry system charac-terization.4.6 The dosimeter manufacturer or supplier is responsiblefor providing a product that meets the performance character-istics defined in product specifications, certificates ofconformance, or similar types of documents.
31、 Dosimeter speci-fications should be developed based on dosimeter/dosimetrysystem characterization.4.7 The user has the responsibility for ensuring that thedosimetry requirements for the specific applications are metand that dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization informa-tion has been considere
32、d in:4.7.1 determining the suitability of the dosimeter or dosim-etry system for the specific application (see ISO/ASTM Prac-tice 52628),4.7.2 selecting the calibration method (see ISO/ASTMGuide 51261),4.7.3 establishing dosimetry system operational procedures(see respective dosimetry system practic
33、e listed in ISO/ASTMPractice 52628), and4.7.4 estimating the uncertainty components in the mea-sured dose values (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51707).4.8 Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization informa-tion provided by manufacturers or suppliers, or available in theliterature, should be reviewed by the us
34、er to determine the teststhat should be performed prior to the use of the dosimeter ordosimetry system. Information on performance characteristicsshould be verified before using.ISO/ASTM 52701:2013(E)2 ISO/ASTM International 2013 All rights reserved5. Dosimeter/dosimetry system characterization5.1 P
35、erformance Characteristics:5.1.1 Some examples of performance characteristics ofdosimeters/dosimetry systems that may affect the measurementof absorbed dose are given in Table 1.5.2 Measurement Instruments:5.2.1 Prior to conducting performance characterization ofthe dosimeters, it is necessary to es
36、tablish procedures for theoperation of the measurement instruments.5.2.2 Operating procedures should be developed to controland optimize the performance of all measurement instrumentsand auxiliary systems, including those used for measuringmass or thickness or used for a post irradiation heat treatm
37、ent.5.2.3 The instruments used in a given dosimetry systemwith specific dosimeters should be calibrated with evidence oftraceability and be tested to provide evidence of their suitabil-ity for use with the dosimeters. This should include a determi-nation of repeatability and reproducibility for the
38、specificmeasurement methods to be used.5.2.4 The influence on measurement values attributable torounding error, short term instrument drift, etc. over theexpected range of use should be determined.5.2.5 The performance of accessories such as dosimeterholders or dosimeter positioning apparatus within
39、 the measure-ment instrument should be determined.5.2.6 The supplier of the performance characterization in-formation should provide information on all instrumentationused in the characterization, including relevant performancespecifications for the measurement instruments and character-ization resu
40、lts.NOTE 5Characterization results are specific to the measurementinstruments and measurement parameters used for the tests. Resultscannot be used with other measurement instruments without adequate datato support equivalency.5.2.7 Information obtained during the measurement systemdevelopment to det
41、ermine optimum or recommendedinstruments, including precautions to avoid known sources oferror, should be made available to potential users.5.3 Characterization:5.3.1 All dosimeter samples used in the characterizationmust be representative of dosimeters supplied by themanufacturer/distributor.5.3.2
42、The performance of dosimeter/dosimetry system char-acterization should be conducted in accordance with an experi-mental design that can effectively assess both individual andcombined effects of the influence quantities being tested.5.3.3 For performance characterization, dosimeters shouldbe irradiat
43、ed in facilities that can provide highly reproducibledose rates and well-quantified values of influence quantities.NOTE 6When studying the effects of irradiation conditions such astemperature or relative humidity, the conditions experienced by thedosimeters must be known within established limits. D
44、osimeter tempera-tures should be monitored. Reliance should not be placed on monitoringthe air temperature and assuming that there is temperature equilibrium.Difference between dosimeter temperature and air temperature may beassociated with dose and may introduce bias in the characterization results
45、over the dose range. For studies on the effects of changes of relativehumidity, the time required for the water and oxygen content of thedosimeters to reach equilibrium should be taken into account. It isnecessary to validate controlled irradiation conditions to verify thatspecified conditions can b
46、e achieved.5.3.4 An initial calibration curve may be obtained byirradiating dosimeters over a range of absorbed doses atdefined conditions, for example, specified temperature, relativehumidity, and absorbed dose rate, and by measuring dosimeterresponse under defined measurement conditions. The defin
47、edconditions for the irradiation should approximate the expectedrange of values to be encountered during use of the dosimetrysystem.NOTE 7A calibration curve may be developed using a relationshipexpressed by response = f (dose).5.4 Characterization Information:5.4.1 Information on dosimeter and dosi
48、metry system char-acterization carried out by the dosimeter manufacturer orsupplier should be documented and made available to potentialusers.5.4.2 The user is responsible for the evaluation of the effectof influence quantities or combinations of influence quantities,or both, on the dosimetry system
49、 performance over the fullrange of its intended use.6. Effect of influence quantities6.1 Influence Quantities to be Considered:6.1.1 All influence quantities that might affect absorbed-dose determination should be considered. These influencequantities include those related to the dosimeter before, during,and after irradiation and those related to the dosimeter responsemeasurements. Table 2 gives examples of some of theseinfluence quantities.6.1.2 The influence quantities shown with an asterisk (*) inTable 2 can be controlled by packaging the dosimeter materialun
