1、Designation:12 Designation: 12aStandard Terminology and Acronyms Relating toCorrosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology and acronyms standard covers and defines commonly used terms and acronyms in the field of corrosion.Related terms may be found in Ter
3、minologies D16, D4538, G40, or other ASTM terminology standards.1.2 This terminology and acronyms standard is a result of an agreement between NACE International and ASTM InternationalCommittee G01 on Corrosion of Metals and may not reflect the opinions of other ASTM committees.1.3 In this terminolo
4、gy and acronyms standard, brackets are used for directives that follow a definition and are obviously notpart of it, such as, “see XXX” and “also known as XXX.” Brackets can also indicate the field of application or context of thedefinition or acronym.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 T
5、erminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and ApplicationsD2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metall
6、ic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic MaterialsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 NACE Standards:2NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5 White Metal Blast CleaningNACE No. 2/SSPC-SP 10 Near-White Metal Blast CleaningNACE N
7、o. 3/SSPC-SP 6 Commercial Blast CleaningNACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning2.3 SSPC Surface Preparation Standards:3SSPC-SP 1 Solvent CleaningSSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 3 Power Tool CleaningSSPC-SP 8 Pickling2.4 ISO Standards:4ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test -
8、 Part 1: Test methodISO 6507-1 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test - Part 1: Test methodISO 6508-1 Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:abrasion resistancethe ability of a material to resist bei
9、ng worn away and to maintain its original appearance and structure whensubjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.1This terminology and acronyms standard is under the jurisdiction of NACE/ASTM Committee J01, Joint Committee on Corrosion, and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee J01.02, Working G
10、roup on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan.April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 as G19311a.G19312. DOI:10.1520/G0193-12a.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM Web site, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at
11、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on theASTM Web site. For NACE standards, visit the NACE Web site, www.nace.org, or contact NACEFirstService at firstservicenace.org.3Available from The Society for Protective Coatings
12、(SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http:/www.sspc.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended onl
13、y to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versi
14、onof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.abrasivea solid substance that, owing to its hardness, toughness, size, shape, consistency, or other prop
15、erties, is suitable forgrinding, cutting, roughening, polishing, or cleaning a surface by friction or high-velocity impact.abrasive blast cleaningcleaning and roughening of a surface produced by the high-velocity impact of an abrasive that ispropelled by the discharge of pressurized fluid from a bla
16、st nozzle or by a mechanical device such as a centrifugal blasting wheel.also referred to as abrasive blastingabrasive blastingsee abrasive blast cleaning.acceleratora chemical substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction (e.g., curing) would otherwise occur.AC impedancesee electro
17、chemical impedance.acrylictype of resin polymerized from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile.activatora chemical substance that initiates a chemical reaction (e.g., curing). Heat and radiation may also serve as activatorsfor some chemical reactions.active(1) a sta
18、te of a metal surface that is corroding without significant influence of reaction product. (2) the negative directionof electrode potential.active-passive cellan electrochemical cell in which the anode is a metal in the active state and the cathode is the same metalin the passive state.adduct curing
19、 agenta material that is formed by prereacting the curing agent with a portion of the resin component of thecoating.adhesionthe state in which two surfaces are held together by chemical interfacial forces, mechanical interlocking forces, or both.aeration cellsee differential aeration cell.aging(1) t
20、he process of exposing materials to an environment for an interval of time. (2) change in metallurgical properties thatgenerally occurs slowly at room temperature (natural aging) and more rapidly at higher temperature (artificial aging).air dryingprocess by which an applied wet coat converts to a dr
21、y coating film by evaporation of solvent or reaction with oxygenas a result of simple exposure to air without intentional addition of heat or a curing agent.airless sprayingprocess of spraying coating liquids using hydraulic pressure, not air pressure, to atomize.alkydtype of resin formed by the rea
22、ction of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids, part of which is derived from saturatedor unsaturated oils or fats.alligatoringpronounced wide cracking over the surface of a coating, which has the appearance of alligator hide.alloy steelan iron-based alloy containing carbon (usually less than 2.5
23、mass percent), manganese (usually greater than 0.25 masspercent), and specified minimum quantities of one or more alloying elements other than manganese, silicon, and copper, but doesnot contain 10.5 mass percent or greater chromium.alternate immersionexposure to environmental cycles, each involving
24、 immersion in a fluid for a period of time followed byremoval from that fluid for another period of time.amphoteric metala metal that is susceptible to corrosion in both acidic and alkaline environments.anaerobicabsence of air or free (molecular) oxygen.anchor patternsee surface profile.aniona negat
25、ively charged ion.annealheat to and hold at a temperature appropriate for the specific material and then cool at a suitable rate, for such purposesas reducing hardness, improving machinability, or obtaining desired properties.anodethe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. (
26、Electrons flow away from the anode in the externalcircuit. It is usually the electrode where corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution.)anode capan electrical insulating material placed over the end of the anode at the lead wire connection.anode corrosion efficiencythe ratio of the actual corro
27、sion (mass loss) of an anode to the theoretical corrosion (mass loss)calculated from the quantity of electricity that has passed between the anode and cathode using Faradays law.anodic inhibitora corrosion inhibitor whose primary action is to reduce the rate of the anodic reaction, producing a posit
28、ive shiftin corrosion potential.anodic polarization (1) the change of electrode potential caused by an anodic current flowing across the electrode/electrolyteinterface. (2) a forced noble (positive) shift in electrode potential. See polarization .anodic protectiona technique to reduce the corrosion
29、rate of a metal surface by polarizing that surface to a more oxidizingpotential.anodizingan electrochemical oxidation process that converts the surface of a metal (such as aluminum or titanium) to an oxidecoating.anolytethe electrolyte adjacent to the anode of an electrochemical cell.antifoulingprev
30、enting fouling. See fouling.atmospheric zonethe portion of a marine structure that extends upward from the splash zone and is exposed to sun, wind, waterspray, and rain.attenuationelectrical losses in a conductor caused by current flow in the conductor.Auger electron spectroscopyanalytical technique
31、 in which the sample surface is irradiated with low-energy electrons and theenergy spectrum of electrons emitted from the surface is measured. 12a2austenitethe face-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron or iron-based alloys.austenitic/ferritic stainless steelsee duplex stainless steel.austenitizi
32、ngforming austenite by heating iron or iron-based alloys to a temperature in the transformation range (partialaustenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing).auxiliary electrodesee counter electrode.backfillmaterial placed in a hole to fill the space around the anodes, vent
33、 pipe, and buried components of a cathodic protectionsystem.Barcol hardnessa hardness value obtained by measuring the resistance of rubbers, plastics, or coatings to indentation by a steelimpressor under spring load in accordance with Test Method D2583.barrier coating(1) a coating that has a high re
34、sistance to permeation of liquids and/or gases. (2) a coating that is applied overa previously coated surface to prevent damage to the underlying coating during subsequent handling.beach marksthe characteristic markings on the fracture surfaces produced by fatigue crack propagation. also known as ar
35、restmarks, clamshell marks, and conchoidal marksbeta curvea plot of dynamic (fluctuating) interference current or related proportional voltage (ordinate) versus thecorresponding structure-to-electrolyte potentials at a selected location on the affected structure (abscissa).binderthe nonvolatile port
36、ion of the vehicle of a formulated coating material.bituminous coatingan asphalt or coal-tar compound used to provide a protective coating for a surface.blast angle(1) the angle of the blast nozzle with reference to the surface during abrasive blast cleaning. (2) the angle of theabrasive particles p
37、ropelled from a centrifugal blasting wheel with reference to the surface being abrasive blast cleaned.blistera dome-shaped projection on the surface of a coating resulting from the local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film froman underlying coat or from the base substrate.bloomingsee blushing.b
38、lowdown(1) the injection of air or water under high pressure through a tube to the anode area for the purpose of purging theannular space and possibly correcting high resistance caused by gas blockage. cathodic protection use (2) the process ofdischarging a significant portion of the aqueous solutio
39、n in order to remove accumulated salts, deposits, and other impurities.boiler or cooling water tower useblushingwhitening and loss of gloss of a coating, usually organic, caused by moisture. also known as bloomingbracelet anodea galvanic anode with geometry suitable for direct attachment around the
40、circumference of a pipeline. This maybe a half-shell bracelet consisting of two semicircular sections or a segmented bracelet consisting of a large number of individualsections.braze(1) a bond produced as the result of heating an assembly to the brazing temperature greater than 450 C 840 F and lesst
41、han the solidus temperature of the base metal using a brazing filler metal distributed and retained between the closely fittedfaying surfaces of the joint by capillary action. (2) the act of creating a braze.breakdown potentialthe least noble potential at which pitting or crevice corrosion, or both,
42、 will initiate and propagate in aspecific environment.Brinell hardnesshardness value, measured in accordance with ISO 6506-1 or Test Method E10, usinga1to10mmdiametertungsten carbide ball and a force of approximately 9.807 to 29.420 N (1 to 3000 kgf).brittle fracturefracture that occurs with little
43、or no plastic deformation of the material. contrast with ductile fracturebrush-off blast cleaned surfacean abrasive blast cleaned steel surface that is free of all visible contaminants and foreign matterbut may have some tightly adherent mill scale, rust, or coating. See NACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 for det
44、ailed specification.burnishprocess of smoothing surfaces using frictional contact between the material and some other hard pieces of hard material(e.g., hardened steel balls).calcareous coatinga layer consisting of calcium carbonate and other salts deposited on the surface. When the surface iscathod
45、ically polarized as in cathodic protection, this layer is the result of the increased pH adjacent to the protected surface.calcareous depositsee calcareous coating.carbon steelalloy of carbon and iron containing up to 2 mass percent carbon and up to 1.65 mass percent manganese andresidual quantities
46、 of other elements, except those intentionally added in specific quantities for deoxidation (usually siliconand/or aluminum).carburizingthe absorption and diffusion of carbon in iron or an iron-based alloy in contact with a suitable carbonaceousenvironment at elevated temperature.case hardeningharde
47、ning a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion,or core. Typical processes are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening.casein paintwater-thinned paint with vehicle derived from milk.casti
48、nga component formed at or near its finished shape by the solidification of liquid material in a mold. (1) a componentformed at or near its finished shape by the solidification of liquid material in a mold; (2) the creation of such a component.catalysta chemical substance, usually present in small a
49、mounts relative to the reactants, that increases the rate at which achemical reaction (e.g., curing) would otherwise occur, but is not consumed in the reaction. 12a3cathodethe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction is the principal reaction. (Electrons flow toward the cathodein the external circuit.)cathodic corrosioncorrosion of a metal when it is a cathode, usually caused by the reaction of an amphoteric metal with thealkaline products of electrolysis.cathod
