1、 ATIS-0600037 ATIS Standard on - Testing Guidelines for Copper Theft Deterrents in the Telecom Industry As a leading technology and solutions development organization, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) brings together the top global ICT companies to advance the industrys
2、most pressing business priorities. ATIS nearly 200 member companies are currently working to address the All-IP transition, 5G, network functions virtualization, big data analytics, cloud services, device solutions, emergency services, M2M, cyber security, network evolution, quality of service, bill
3、ing support, operations, and much more. These priorities follow a fast-track development lifecycle from design and innovation through standards, specifications, requirements, business use cases, software toolkits, open source solutions, and interoperability testing. ATIS is accredited by the America
4、n National Standards Institute (ANSI). The organization is the North American Organizational Partner for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a founding Partner of the oneM2M global initiative, a member of and major U.S. contributor to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as we
5、ll as a member of the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL). For more information, visit www.atis.org. Notice of Disclaimer where it states that “ the grounding conductor shall be made of copper or other metals or combination of metals that will not corrode excessively during the expec
6、ted service life under the existing conditions and if practical shall be without a splice or joint”. Therefore under the NESC, the use of alternate materials is permitted as long as an engineering analysis and product evaluation is complete to show that the material has adequate capacity, ampacity,
7、resistance, and robustness for the expected purpose, application, and environment. As noted above for the NEC, it is advisable to review locally adopted electrical codes in order to ensure compliance when using alternative materials. ATIS-0600037 2 2 Normative References The following standards cont
8、ain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applyi
9、ng the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ASTM B858, Standard Test Method for Ammonia Vapor Test for Determining Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Copper Alloys.1ATIS-0600313.2013, Electrical Protection for Telecommunications Central Offices and Similar Type Faciliti
10、es.2NFPA 70-2014, National Electrical Code (NEC).3NFPA 780-2014 , Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems.3 IEEE C2-2012, National Electrical Safety Code (NESC).4UL 467, Grounding and Bonding Equipment.5ISO 6988:1985, Metallic and other non organic coatings Sulfur dioxide test
11、with general condensation of moisture.6ATIS-0100040, NRSC Bulletin No. 2013-001, Copper Theft Deterrent.73 Acronyms, The metals must be in electrical contact, and The metals must be exposed to an electrolyte. Sources: The Corrosion Technology Laboratory (NASA) . NACE International . The World Corros
12、ion Organization . When selecting alternative materials, other contributing factors should be considered that can change material physical and chemical properties over time. For example, in some applications (mainly on mobile radio sites where the filter characteristics of the radio changed and impa
13、cted the QoS of the system) presence of steel in the ATIS-0600037 9 conductor may cause a change in the inductive properties after exposure of the site to third party varying magnetic fields, depending on environmental considerations (rain, drought, etc.). The degradation issue of steel in humid env
14、ironment. The best solution was to allow the weld to be buried in as dry a soil as possible or drainable fill material such as crushed rock or pea gravel. Material deterioration and degradation associated with dissimilar materials (galvanic effects). Soil Considerations (e.g., moisture and acid/alka
15、line levels). The number (frequency) of lightning hits the tower must manage. The influence on the tower and facilities of third party magnetic fields such as from nearby cellular, radio, and television broadcaster equipment. Engineers should test and evaluate these situations and influences so miti
16、gation efforts through specific maintenance practices and requirements can be implemented. Such preventive and maintenance efforts should be monitored and evaluated for effectiveness. 4.5 Encasing of Ground Conductors Lateral ground conductors at ground level should be buried beneath a minimum of 75
17、0 mm of locally accessible earth, so as to hide the plant from the direct view of potential thieves. Experience demonstrates that if the conductor is not easily accessible to be cut it is more likely to be undisturbed. For sites where covering of a ground conductor is not readily possible or practic
18、al (e.g., rocky areas), the ground conductor should be encased in cement (e.g., on a cleaned/prepared rocky surface). Alternatively, the use of ground enhancement material combined with cement can render conductors difficult for thieves to access, and also diminish the salvage value if stolen, becau
19、se the conductors become tainted and contaminated with other materials making them unusable and undesirable for recycling purposes. Figure 4.8 Ground conductor encased in conductive cement For accessible down conductors at the base of a tower or along the wall of a building, they should be encased i
20、n a composite tubing which is then filled with cement or a combination of cement and ground enhancement material. This practice reduces the resale value of the conductors because they are tainted, contaminated, and thereby unsuitable and undesirable for recycling purposes. ATIS-0600037 10 Encased gr
21、ound conductor on building Encased ground conductor on ice bridge Figure 4.9 Encased Conductor in Composite Tubing 5 Test Methods for Alternative Materials 5.1 Summary of Test Regime This evaluation consists of a number of individual tests aimed at comparing electrical impedance and corrosion proper
22、ties of the Device Under Test (DUT) assemblies to traditional grounding assemblies, (e.g., copper conductors to copper bus bars). The end user may desire to have these same tests run on traditional grounding assemblies for comparison purposes. The following tests are recommended: a) Assembly Impedan
23、ce Measurements: Determine the impedance of each assembly. b) Surge Current Testing: Impedance and voltage drop measurements of DUT (40kA 8/20s and 50ka 10/350s). c) Corrosion and Electrical Performance Testing: Comparison of impedance after DUT is subjected to accelerated corrosion testing (ASTM B-
24、117). d) Temperature Cycling Testing: Comparison of impedance after DUT is subjected to accelerated temperature cycling (ANSI C119.4). e) Short Time Circuit Current Testing: Short time circuit current as described in UL 467, Grounding and Bonding Equipment. 5.2 Assembly Impedance Measurements In tel
25、ecommunications, the important functional criteria for the selection and substitution of grounding assemblies, conductors, or connections are achieving adequate electrical characteristics (i.e., impedance and ampacity) and performance; particularly at higher frequencies (1-30 MHz). Apart from provid
26、ing safety, the key purposes for telecommunications grounding include the control of transients and noise, which are higher frequency events. ATIS-0600037 11 5.2.1 Resistance Measure the resistance of traditional grounding and DUT assemblies by using a micro-ohm meter. Probes shall be placed at the
27、ends of each assembly at pre-marked locations. Take measurements 5 times to determine an average resistance value. 5.2.2 Inductance Measure the inductance of both assemblies by using an LCR meter capable of reading micro-Henries with a 4-lead (Kelvin) connection. Probes shall be placed at the pre-ma
28、rked locations. Take measurements 5 times to determine an average inductance value. 5.2.3 Modeling Modeling grounding schemes with specialized or customized software will help enable the development of best practices associated with the required spacing between ground rods. The transient response of
29、 the earth to potential rise events may be impacted by the grounding performance of the grounding system because of inductive coupling between rods placed in parallel and the resistivity of surrounding soil. Analysis of these effects through modeling can help design and engineer an effective ground
30、connection for given rod materials, spacing, and soil conditions. Figure 5.1 Transient Response Measuring of exothermic assemblies Measuring in a laboratory environment is recommended to determine the average value of the resistance of different welds. A weld sample with at least a 43 mm (1-11/16 in
31、ch) measuring surface and an appropriate measuring instrument is recommended. The resistance measurement evaluates the quality of the weld (e.g., micro porosity) beyond visual inspection. For example, when using an Ultra Optec PMO-4553 probe as shown below, the measured resistance should be below 25
32、 micro-ohms. ATIS-0600037 12 Cross-section of a copper to galvanized steel weld 43 mm probe (Ultra Optec PMO-4553) Figure 5.2 Exothermic Assembly Testing 5.3 Surge Current Testing 5.3.1 8/20s Surge Current Apply 40 kA 8/20s surge current through both assemblies (traditional grounding assemblies and
33、DUT). Measure voltage drop from premarked locations during the surge event. 5.3.2 10/350s Surge Current Apply 50 kA 10/350s surge current through both assemblies. Measure voltage drop from premarked locations during the surge event. 5.4 Corrosion & Electrical Performance Testing 1. Using new traditi
34、onal grounding assemblies and DUT assemblies, measure resistance and inductance per “Assembly Impedance Measurements” above. 2. Place assemblies in salt spray chamber per ASTM B-117 for 500 hours. 3. Repeat “Assembly Impedance Measurements”. 4. Before and after photographs are required. 5.5 Temperat
35、ure Cycling Testing 1. Using new traditional grounding assemblies and DUT assemblies, measure resistance and inductance per “Assembly Impedance Measurements” above. 2. Assemblies shall be subject to the following temperature cycling. Temperatures, cycle times and number of cycles based upon ANSI C11
36、9.4. 3. Repeat “Assembly Impedance Measurements”. ATIS-0600037 13 5.6 Short Circuit Current Testing Test per UL 467 Table 5 “Short-time test currents” (and Clauses 7.5.1 and 9.5.8.). 5.7 Further Considerations 5.7.1 IEC62561-1 Lightning Protection System Components (LPSC) Part 1: Requirements for co
37、nnection components Conformance to IEC62561-1 can be claimed if the DUT is subjected to the following test sequence: 1. Salt Mist Treatment. Salt mist test shall be in accordance with ISO 60068-2-52:1996, except for Clauses 7, 10, and 11, which are not applicable. The test is carried out using sever
38、ity (2). 2. Humid Sulfurous Atmosphere Treatment. Humid sulfurous atmosphere treatment shall be in accordance with ISO 6988:1985 with seven cycles with a concentration of sulfur dioxide of 667 25 x 10-6(in volume), except for Clauses 9 and 10, which are not applicable. Each cycle that has duration o
39、f 24 h is composed of a heating period of 8 h at a temperature of 40 C 3 C in the humid saturated atmosphere which is followed by a rest period of 16 h. After that, the humid sulfurous atmosphere is replaced. 3. Ammonia Atmosphere Treatment (Required for Galvanized Steel Component). Ammonia atmosphe
40、re treatment shall be in accordance with ASTM B858 “Standard Test Method for Ammonia Vapor Test for Determining Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Copper Alloys. 4. 8/20s Surge Current. After accelerated aging/corrosion, subject the assembly to a 8/20s Surge Current (50kA for Normal, 100
41、kA for Heavy Duty). The user may not require testing to all of Tests 1-3 depending on the environment and the material being used. For materials other than copper, other tests need to be considered. For additional information, consult and . 5.7.2 Field Measurements It is recommended that field groun
42、ding measurements of a DUT should be made to verify site specifications. ATIS-0600037 14 Annex A: Structure & Content of the Test Report (informative) General The purpose of this clause is to provide general requirements for laboratory test reports as well as to provide means to promote clear, compl
43、ete reporting procedures for laboratories submitting test reports. The results of each test carried out by the laboratory shall be reported accurately, clearly, unambiguously, and objectively, in accordance with any instructions in the test methods. The results shall be reported in a test report and
44、 shall include all the information necessary for the interpretation of the test results and all information required by the method used. Particular care and attention shall be paid to the arrangement of the report, especially with regard to presentation of the test data and ease of assimilation by t
45、he reader. The format shall be carefully and specifically designed for each type of test carried out, but the headings shall be standardized as indicated herein. The structure of each report shall include, as a minimum, the following: Administration Information Title or subject of the report. Name,
46、address, and telephone number of the test laboratory. Name, address, and telephone number of the sub test laboratory where the test was carried out if different from company that has been assigned to perform the test. Unique identification number (or serial number) of the test report. Name and addre
47、ss of the vendor. Report shall be paginated and the total number of pages indicated. Date of issue of report. Date(s) of performance of test(s). Signature and title, or an equivalent identification of the person(s) authorized to sign for the testing laboratory for the content of the report. Signatur
48、e and title of person(s) conducting the test. Sample Information Sample description. Detailed description and unambiguous identification of the test sample and/or test assembly. Characterization and condition of the test sample and/or test assembly. Sampling procedure, where relevant. Date of receip
49、t of test items. Photographs, drawings, or any other visual documentation, if available. Standards, References, and Documentation Identification of the test standard used and the date of issue of the standard. Other relevant documentation with the documentation date. Test Procedure and Testing Configuration Description of the test procedure. Justification for any deviations from, additions to, or exclusions from the referenced standard. Any other information relevant to a specific test such as envi
