1、Guide for theNondestructiveExaminationof WeldsAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 1, 2009Guide for theNondestructive Examination of Welds4th
2、EditionSupersedes AWS B1.10:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) B1 Committee on Methods of InspectionUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide acquaints the user with the nondestructive examination methods common
3、ly used to examine weldments. Thestandard also addresses which method best detects various types of discontinuities. The methods included are visual,liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, radiographic, ultrasonic, electromagnetic (eddy current), and leak testing.iiAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009International St
4、andard Book Number: 978-0-87171-757-3American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2009 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
5、in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clien
6、ts is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, spec
7、ifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either in
8、corporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental
9、 body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requ
10、irementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers
11、theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or
12、 other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein
13、.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her
14、own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This stand
15、ard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name ite
16、ms. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incor
17、rectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be
18、addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex D).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely
19、 as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opini
20、ons or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it m
21、ust be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS B1 Committee onMethods o
22、f Inspection and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments.Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection to express their commentsverbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comme
23、nts are provided in the Rules ofOperation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009vAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2009Personnel*DeceasedAWS B1 Commi
24、ttee on Methods of InspectionC. A. Mankenberg, Chair Shell International Exploration therefore, each system must be used independently.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute mandatory provisions of thisAWS standard. For und
25、ated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.AWS documents:1(1) AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.(2) AWS A3.0, Standard
26、 Welding Terms and Definitions.ANSI documents:2ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes3. Terms and DefinitionsThe terminology used in this guide is that established in AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. That docu-ment defines a discontinuity as “an interruption of
27、 the typical structure of a material, such as a lack of homogeneity in themechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect.” A3.0 defines a defectas “a discontinuity or discontinuities that by nature or accumulated effect render a part or product un
28、able to meet mini-mum applicable acceptance standards or specifications. The term designates rejectability.” For the purpose of this guide,reference will be made to detection of discontinuities without regard to the distinction between acceptance or rejection.4. Discontinuities4.1 Discussion of Disc
29、ontinuities. This guide is concerned only with discontinuities, which may be classified as defects(rejectable) depending on acceptance criteria in a particular specification or code. Discontinuities are rejectable only ifthey exceed that allowed by the specification.Discontinuities may be found in t
30、he weld metal, heat-affected, and base metal zones of weldments made in the five basicweld joint types: butt, T-, corner, lap, and edge. The following subclause presents a partial list of discontinuities that maybe encountered in the fabrication of metals by welding. When specific discontinuities ar
31、e located in the weld metal, heat-affected, or base metal zones, the abbreviations WMZ, HAZ, and BMZ, respectively, are used to indicate the location.1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2ANSI Z49.1 is published by the American Welding
32、Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.AWS B1.10M/B1.10:200934.2 List of Discontinuities. The most common types of discontinuities in butt, T-, corner, lap, and edge joints are listedin Table 1 and depicted in Figures 1 through 10. Where the list indicates that the discontinuity is generall
33、y located in theweld, it may be expected to appear in almost any type of weld. Tungsten inclusions are an exception. Tungsten inclusionsare found only in welds made by the gas tungsten arc or plasma arc welding processes.Weld and base metal discontinuities of specific types are more common when cert
34、ain welding processes and joint detailsare used (see Table 2). High restraint and limited access to portions of a weld joint may cause a higher than normal inci-dence of weld and base metal discontinuities. Each general type of discontinuity is discussed in detail in this clause.Table 1Common Types
35、of DiscontinuitiesType of Discontinuity Subclause Location Remarks(1) Porosity(a) Scattered(b) Cluster(c) Piping(d) Aligned(e) Elongated4.34.3.14.3.24.3.34.3.44.3.5WMZ Porosity could also be found in the BM and HAZ if the base metal is a casting.(2) Inclusion(a) Slag(b) Tungsten4.44.4.14.4.2WMZ, WI(
36、3) Incomplete fusion 4.5 WMZ/WI Fusion face or between adjoining weld beads.(4) Incomplete joint penetration 4.6 BMZ Weld root in a groove weld.(5) Undercut 4.7 WI/HAZ Adjacent to weld toe or weld root in base metal.(6) Underfill 4.8 WMZ Weld face or root surface of a groove weld.(7) Overlap 4.9 WMZ
37、 Weld toe or root surface.(8) Lamination 4.10 BMZ Base metal, generally near midthickness of section.(9) Delamination 4.11 BMZ Base metal, generally near midthickness of section.(10) Seam and lap 4.12 BMZ Base metal surface generally aligned with rolling direction.(11) Lamellar tear 4.13 BMZ Base me
38、tal, near HAZ.(12) Crack (includes hot cracks and cold cracks described in text)(a) Longitudinal(b) Transverse(c) Crater(d) Throat(e) Toe(f) Root(g) Underbead and HAZ4.144.14.14.14.2, 4.14.34.14.2, 4.14.44.14.54.14.64.14.74.14.84.14.9WMZ, HAZ, BMZWMZ, HAZ, BMZWMZWMZWI, HAZWMZHAZWeld metal or base me
39、tal adjacent to WI.Weld metal (may propagate into HAZ and base metal).Weld metal at point where arc is terminated.Parallel to weld axis. Through the throat of a fillet weld.Root surface or weld root.(13) Concavity 4.15 WMZ Weld face of a fillet weld.(14) Convexity 4.16 WMZ Weld face of a fillet weld
40、.(15) Weld reinforcement 4.17 WMZ Weld face or root surface of a groove weld.(16) Spatter WMZ, BMZ Weld face or base metal surface.(17) Arc strike WMZ, BMZ Weld face or base metal surface.Legend:WMZweld metal zoneBMZbase metal zoneHAZheat-affected zoneWIweld interfaceAWS B1.10M/B1.10:200944.3 Porosi
41、ty see Table 1 (1)3.Porosity is a cavity type discontinuity formed by gas entrapment during solidification orin a thermal spray deposit. The discontinuity formed is generally spherical, but it may be elongated. A common cause ofporosity is contamination during welding. Generally, porosity is not con
42、sidered to be as detrimental as other discontinu-ities, such as cracks or incomplete fusion. The rounded shape of porosity does not concentrate stress as much as sharpdiscontinuities like cracks or incomplete fusion. Porosity is an indication that the welding parameters, welding consumables,or joint
43、 fit-up are not being properly controlled for the welding process selected or that the base metal is contaminated orof a composition incompatible with the weld filler metal being used. Important information regarding the cause of theproblem is provided by describing both the shape and orientation of
44、 individual pores or geometric array of adjacentpores.An example of this utility is the distinction between elongated porosity and piping porosity. Both have lengths greaterthan their width, but they differ because of their orientation with respect to the weld axis. They also differ in terms ofhow t
45、hey are caused.3The numbers in parentheses in 4.3 through 4.17 refer to numbers in Table 1 and Figures 1 through 10.Figure 1Double-V-Groove Weld in Butt JointAWS B1.10M/B1.10:20095By providing this additional detail, an inspector is giving more information than a standard will normally require, but
46、itcan be very helpful in determining what corrective action to take.4.3.1 Scattered Porosity see Table 1 (1)(a) is porosity uniformly distributed throughout the weld metal. Whenscattered porosity is encountered, the cause is generally faulty welding techniques or materials. The joint preparationtech
47、nique or materials used may also result in conditions that cause scattered porosity.If a weld solidifies slowly enough to allow most of the gas to pass to the surface before weld solidification, there will befew pores in the weld.4.3.2 Cluster Porosity see Table 1 (1)(b) is a localized array of poro
48、sity having a random geometric distribution. Itoften results from improper welding parameters, techniques, or consumables.4.3.3 Piping Porosity see Table 1 (1)(c) is a form of porosity having a length greater than its width that lies approx-imately perpendicular to the weld face. Piping porosity may
49、 also be referred to as wormhole porosity. Piping porosity infillet welds extends from the weld root toward the weld surface. Much of the piping porosity found in welds does notextend all the way to the surface. Careful excavation may also reveal subsurface porosity.4.3.4 Aligned Porosity see Table 1 (1)(d) is a localized array of porosity oriented in a line. The pores may be sphericalor elongated. It often occurs along a weld interface, the interface of weld beads, or near the weld root, and is caused bycontamination that leads to gas evolution at those locations. Aligned por
