1、AWS B1.10M/B1.10:2016An American National StandardGuide for the Nondestructive Examination of WeldsAWS B1.10M/B1.10:2016 An American National StandardApproved by the American National Standards Institute August 29, 2016Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds5th EditionSupersedes AWS B1.10M
2、/B1.10:2009Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) B1 Committee on Methods of InspectionUnder the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by the AWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide acquaints the user with the nondestructive examination methods commonly used to examine
3、 weldments. The standard also addresses which method best detects various types of discontinuities. The methods included are visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, radiographic, ultrasonic, electromagnetic (eddy current), and leak testing.iiAWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016International Standard Book Num
4、ber: 978-0-87171-895-2 2016 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, w
5、ithout the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropri
6、ate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .iiiAWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guid
7、es) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in fede
8、ral or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part
9、of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the con
10、tracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the d
11、evelopment of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indi
12、rect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neit
13、her undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adv
14、ice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions.
15、Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of an
16、y patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discov
17、ered, are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attentio
18、n: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, #130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex D). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and t
19、hey do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral
20、 opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comment
21、s (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection and the author of the comment
22、s will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operati
23、on of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St #130, Miami, FL 33166.ivAWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016This page is intentionally blank.vAWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016PersonnelB1 Committee on Methods of InspectionW. A. Komlos, Chair Arc
24、 Tech LLCR. Cook, 1stVice Chair SME Steel ContractorsA. J. Moore, 2ndVice Chair Marion Testing therefore, each system must be used independently.1.8 Safety and Health. Safety issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health inf
25、ormation is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied
26、 by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesU.S. Department of Labor Regulations:(1) CFR-29, Part 1910.107 Spray Finishing using Flammable and Combustible Liquids.Work performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use
27、 of materials that have been deemed hazardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to address su
28、ch risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when developing the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe documents listed below are referenced within this publication and are mandatory to the extent specified herein. For undated references, the la
29、test edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.American Welding Society (AWS) documents:AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standa
30、rd Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting and Thermal SprayingAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI) documents:ANSI Z49. 1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes3. Terms and DefinitionsThe terminology used in this guid
31、e is that established in AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting and Thermal Spraying. Nondestructive examination (NDE) is a general term used in this text to identify the common examination methods used for eva
32、luation of welds and related materials without destroying their usefulness.AWS has chosen nondestructive examination (NDE) as the preferred terminology for these inspection methods. In other standards, literature, and industry usage, other expressions are commonly used. Among these are: nondestructi
33、ve 3AWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016evaluation (NDE), nondestructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive testing (NDT). It must be emphasized that all of these expressions are commonly used and may be considered equivalent.4. Discontinuities4.1 Discussion of Discontinuities. The goal of nondestructive examin
34、ation is to identify anomalies or irregularities for evaluation; irregularities as distinguished from the overall examination area. To the trained eye, irregularities will appear to “break” the relative uniformity or “continuity” of the examination area. Along with evaluation come considerations for
35、 accepting those discontinuities or rejecting them. A3.0 defines a discontinuity as “an interruption of the typical structure of a material, such as a lack of homogeneity in the mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect.” It defines a defect
36、as “a discontinuity or discontinuities that by nature or accumulated effect render a part or product unable to meet minimum applicable acceptance standards or specifications. The term designates rejectability.” For the purpose of this guide, reference will be made to detection of discontinuities wit
37、hout regard to the distinction between acceptance or rejection.Discontinuities may be found in the weld metal, heat-affected, and base metal zones of weldments made in the five basic weld joint types: butt, T-, corner, lap, and edge. The following subclause presents a partial list of discontinuities
38、 that may be encountered in the fabrication of metals by welding. When specific discontinuities are located in the weld metal, heat affected, or base metal zones, the abbreviations WMZ, HAZ, and BMZ, respectively, are used to indicate the location.4.2 List of Discontinuities. The most common types o
39、f discontinuities in butt, T-, corner, lap, and edge joints are listed in Table 1 and depicted in Figures 1 through 10. Where the list indicates that the discontinuity is generally located in the weld, it may be expected to appear in almost any type of weld. Tungsten inclusions are an exception. Tun
40、gsten inclusions are found only in welds made by the gas tungsten arc or plasma arc welding processes.Weld and base metal discontinuities of specific types are more common when certain welding processes and joint details are used (see Table 2). High restraint and limited access to portions of a weld
41、 joint may cause a higher than normal incidence of weld and base metal discontinuities. Each general type of discontinuity is discussed in detail in this clause.4.3 Porosity see Table 1 (1)1. Porosity is a cavity type discontinuity formed by gas entrapment during weld solidification. The discontinui
42、ty formed is generally spherical, but it may be elongated. A common cause of porosity is contamination during welding. Generally, porosity is not considered to be as detrimental as other discontinuities, such as cracks or incomplete fusion. The rounded shape of porosity does not concentrate stress a
43、s much as sharp discontinuities like cracks or incomplete fusion. Porosity is an indication that welding parameters, welding technique, welding consumables, gas shielding, or joint fit-up are not being properly controlled for the welding process selected or that the base metal is contaminated or of
44、a composition incompatible with the weld filler metal being used. Important information regarding the cause of the problem is provided by describing both the shape and orientation of individual pores or geometric array of adjacent pores.An example of this utility is the distinction between elongated
45、 porosity and piping porosity. Both have lengths greater than their width, but they differ because of their orientation with respect to the weld axis. They also differ in terms of how they are caused.By providing this additional detail, an inspector is giving more information than a standard will no
46、rmally require, but it can be very helpful in determining what corrective action to take.4.3.1 Scattered Porosity see Table 1 (1)(a) is porosity uniformly distributed throughout the weld metal. When scattered porosity is encountered, the cause is generally faulty welding techniques or materials. The
47、 joint preparation technique or materials used may also result in conditions that cause scattered porosity.If a weld solidifies slowly enough to allow most of the gas to pass to the surface before weld solidification, there will be few pores in the weld.4.3.2 Cluster Porosity see Table 1 (1)(b) is a
48、 localized array of porosity having a random geometric distribution. It often results from improper welding parameters, techniques, or consumables.1The numbers in parentheses in 4.3 through 4.17 refer to numbers in Table 1 and Figures 1 through 10.4AWS B1.10M/B1.10: 2016Table 1 Common Types of Disco
49、ntinuitiesType of Discontinuity Subclause Location Remarks(1) Porosity(a) Scattered (b) Cluster(c) Piping(d) Aligned(e) Elongated4.34.3.14.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5WMZ Porosity could also be found in the BMZ and HAZ if the base metal is a casting.(2) Inclusion(a) Slag(b) Tungsten4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2WMZ, WI(3) Incomplete fusion 4.5 WMZ/WI Fusion face or between adjoining weld beads.(4) Incomplete joint penetration 4.6 BMZ Weld root in a groove weld.(5) Undercut 4.7 WI/HAZ Adjacent to weld toe or weld root in base metal.(6) Underfill 4.8 WMZ Weld face or root surface of a groove
