1、RecommendedPractices forResistanceWeldingAWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012An American National StandardAWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteFebruary 17, 2012Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding5th EditionSupersedes AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2000Prepared
2、by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C1 Committee on Resistance WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis Recommended Practices is a collection of data and procedures that are intended to assist the user in setting up resis-t
3、ance welding equipment to produce resistance welded production parts. While the recommendations included are notexpected to be final procedures for every production part or every welding machine, they serve as starting points fromwhich a user can establish acceptable welding machine settings for spe
4、cific production welding applications.In some cases, recommended machine data is not available. In these instances, some description of the process is givento assist the reader in determining if the process might be suitable for the application.International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-803-7Am
5、erican Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2012 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photo
6、copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding S
7、ociety provided that the appro-priate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400;Internet: .AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012iiAWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recomm
8、ended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, orm
9、ade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statu
10、tory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws andregulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes theAWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS
11、 stan-dard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and e
12、stablishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages o
13、f any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing a
14、nd making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independe
15、nt judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be sup
16、erseded by the issuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publica-tion of amendments or errata. It may also be supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editionsof AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web pag
17、e (www.aws.org). Usersshould ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AW
18、S disclaims liability for the infringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.The AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constit
19、uting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to th
20、e American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenien
21、ce to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpre
22、tations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C1 Committee on Resistance Welding. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaf
23、firmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressedto AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C1 Committee on ResistanceWelding and the
24、author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests areinvited to attend all meetings of the AWS C1 Committee on Resistance Welding to express their comments verbally.Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the
25、Rules of Operation of theTechnical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W.LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012ivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012vPersonnelAWS C1 Committee on Resistance WeldingN.S. Scotch
26、mer, Chair Huys Industries LimitedW.F. Qualls, Vice Chair ConsultantE.H. Abrams, Secretary American Welding SocietyC. E. Albright The Ohio State University, RetiredT.W. Alexander Centerline (Windsor) Ltd.B. J. Bastian Benmar AssociatesJ. C. Bohr General MotorsW. H. Brafford Tuffaloy ProductsR. K. Co
27、hen WeldComputer CorporationC. S. Davidson Allweld TechnologiesK. Hofman Roman Engineering ServicesAdvisors to the AWS C1 Committee on Resistance WeldingM. Hebert General Motors- RetiredW. Jaxa-Rozen Bombardier TransportationB. Kelly Kelly Welding SolutionsM. Kimchi Edison Welding InstituteM. Tumulu
28、ru U.S. SteelSpecial ContributorM. Cubert Sciaky, IncorporatedAWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012viThis page is intentionally blank.AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012viiForewordThis foreword is not part of AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding, but is included for informational purposes only.The data c
29、ontained in these Recommended Practices have been compiled by the AWS Committee on ResistanceWelding, by reviewing the data in the previous documents, by canvassing users of the resistance welding processes andcorrelating the data thus obtained. The resulting welding schedules shown in the tables we
30、re circulated for comments and,in addition, some tests were conducted to ascertain that welds of the specified strengths could be obtained.The present edition of Recommended Practices represents an updated combination and extension of data presented in theprevious edition of AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2000, Rec
31、ommended Practices for Resistance Welding. Practices for new materi-als have been added and practices for materials which are not currently resistance welded in commercial production havebeen deleted. The new materials include high-strength low-alloy steels, both coated and uncoatedThe AWS Committee
32、 on Resistance Welding has prepared these Recommended Practices in the hope that they will serveas an incentive for industry to develop methods and procedures improving upon the practice presented herein; which willpermit the raising of quality and performance standards. If this is achieved, the Com
33、mittee will have been amply repaidfor the time and effort it has devoted to this work.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS C1 Committee on Resistance Welding, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 331
34、26.AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012viiiThis page is intentionally blank.AWS C1.1M/C1.1:2012ixTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vForeword . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiList of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiList of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Normative References
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. 24. Resistance Spot and Seam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Uncoated Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、34.2 Coated Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.3 Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . 144.4 Stainless Steels, Nickel, Nickel-Base, and Cobalt-Base Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.5 Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.6 Tita
43、nium and Titanium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.7 Welding Data Comments and Discussions Applicable to Various Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.8 Weld Discrepancies and Causes
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.9 Weld Quality and Mechanical Property Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495. Projection Welding. . . . . . . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.2 Embossed
46、 Projection Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.3 Solid Projection Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.4 Mul
47、tiple Projection Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.5 Weld Quality and Mechanical Property Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796. Flash We
48、lding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . 796.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.3 Welding Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.4 Welding Variable Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.5 Classification of Steels for Flash Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
