1、AWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009An American National StandardSpecification forResistance Brazing550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 30, 2008Specification forResistance Brazing1st EditionPrepared by theAmeri
2、can Welding Society (AWS) C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification provides the minimum fabrication, equipment, material, and process procedure requirements, as well asdiscontinuit
3、y limits for the resistance brazing of steels, copper, copper alloys, heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys, andother materials that can be adequately resistance brazed (the resistance brazing of aluminum alloys is addressed in AWSC3.7M/C3.7, Specification for Aluminum Brazing). This specification pr
4、ovides criteria for classifying resistance brazedjoints based on loading and the consequences of failure and quality assurance criteria defining the limits of acceptabilityin each class. This specification defines acceptable resistance brazing equipment, materials, and procedures, as well asthe requ
5、ired inspection for each class of joint.iiAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-510-4American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2008 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of t
6、his standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only
7、or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009Statement
8、 on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Sta
9、ndards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such ca
10、ses, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Whe
11、re this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varie
12、d viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its sta
13、ndards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or war
14、ranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or ent
15、ity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions
16、are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acc
17、eptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have
18、 the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,i
19、n writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral
20、opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf
21、 of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing a
22、nd Soldering. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, ordeletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comm
23、ents will receive careful consideration by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Solder-ing and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited toattend all meetings of the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering to express their comments ve
24、rbally. Proceduresfor appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the TechnicalActivities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeuneRoad, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blan
25、k.ivAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009vAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009PersonnelAWS C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingP. T. Vianco, Chair Sandia National LaboratoriesR. W. Smith, Vice Chair Materials Resources InternationalS. N. Borrero, Secretary American Welding SocietyG. L. Alexy The Prince therefore, a series of six ind
26、ependent specifications on brazing have been written, all in the same format. These areAWS C3.4M/C3.4, Specification for Torch Brazing; AWS C3.5M/C3.5, Specification for Induction Brazing; AWSC3.6M/C3.6, Specification for Furnace Brazing; AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Specification for Aluminum Brazing; AWSC3.8M/
27、C3.8, Specification for the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed Joints; and the present document, AWSC3.9M/C3.9, Specification for Resistance Brazing.The decision to subdivide the technology in this way was based on a survey of production brazing applications con-ducted by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazi
28、ng and Soldering. The survey demonstrated that these six specificationswould cover the vast majority of brazing performed today.After the completion of the fourth brazing specification, it was determined that a document providing specific criteriaand requirements for the application of ultrasonic te
29、sting to brazed joints was needed. Therefore, AWS C3.8M/C3.8,Specification for the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed Joints, was written to complement this series.AWS C3.9M/C3.9, Specification for Resistance Brazing, has been added to this group of diverse standards on brazingprocesses because resist
30、ance brazing is an additional commercial brazing method used in many industries. The specificsfor this method are detailed in the same manner as the other five independent brazing specifications.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Sec
31、retary,AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009ixAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009Table of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword vii1. Scope.12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions.
32、24. Classification of Brazed Joints.24.1 Method of Classification.24.2 Class A Joints24.3 Class B Joints24.4 Class C Joints24.5 No Class Specified35. Process Requirements.35.1 Process Description.35.2 Equipment.35.3 Materials .45.4 Procedure Requirements .45.5 Qualification .55.6 Safety and Health56
33、. Quality Assurance Provisions 56.1 Responsibility for Inspection 56.2 Requirements for Compliance 56.3 Sequence of Inspection and Manufacturing Operations .56.4 Required Inspection of Brazed Joints .66.5 Acceptance Criteria.76.6 Process Completion 8Annex A (Informative)Informative References .9Anne
34、x B (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.11List of AWS Documents on Brazing and Soldering 13This page is intentionally blank.xAWS C3.9M/C3.9:2009AWS C3.9M/C3.9:200911. ScopeThis specification presents the minimum fabrication andquality requirements for the resistance br
35、azing of materi-als such as steels, stainless steels, copper, copper alloys,and heat- or corrosion-resistant materials as well as othermaterials that can be adequately resistance brazed.The purpose of this specification is to standardize resis-tance brazing process requirements and control brazejoin
36、t quality for all applications requiring brazed joints ofassured quality. This document establishes the minimumrequirements for processes and products with a minimumof explanatory information so that sources of ambiguityare minimized. It assigns responsibility for the ultimatequality of the brazed p
37、roduct to a single organization andpermits that organization to modify requirements ifappropriate to the application. It requires proper docu-mentation of any such modifications.Procedures for the protection of the safety and health ofthose performing resistance brazing and related opera-tions are o
38、f great importance. However, safety and healthissues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standardand therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety andhealth information is available from other sources,including, but not limited to, ANSI Z49.1, Safety inWelding, Cutting, and Allied Processes
39、.This standard makes use of both the International Systemof Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The latterare shown within brackets , or in appropriate columnsin tables and figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependently.2. Normative Referenc
40、esThe standards listed below contain provisions that,through reference in this text, constitute mandatory pro-visions of this AWS standard. For undated references,the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply.For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revi-sions of, any of these
41、publications do not apply.American Welding Society (AWS) standards:1AWS A2.4, Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Non-destructive Examination;AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions,Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS A5.8/A5.8M
42、, Specification for Filler Metals forBrazing and Braze Welding;AWS A5.31/A5.31M, Specification for Fluxes forBraze and Braze Welding;AWS B2.2, Standard for Brazing Procedure and Per-formance Qualification;AWS C3.3, Recommended Practices for the Design,Manufacture, and Examination of Critical Brazed
43、Com-ponents; andAWS C3.8M/C3.8, Specification for the UltrasonicExamination of Brazed Joints.American Society for Quality (ASQ) standard:2ASQ Z1.4, Sampling Procedures and Tables forInspection by Attributes.SAE International/Aerospace Materials Division (AMD)standards:3SAE AMS 2403, Plating, General
44、 Purpose;SAE AMS 2424, Plating, Nickel, Low Stressed Deposit;1AWS standards are published by the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2ASQ standards are published by the American Society forQuality (ASQ), 600 North Plankinton Avenue, Milwaukee, WI53203-3005.3SAE Internatio
45、nal standards are published by the Society ofAutomotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,PA 15096-0001.Specification for Resistance BrazingAWS C3.9M/C3.9:20092SAE AMS 2451/1, Plating, Brush, Nickel GeneralPurpose; andSAE AMS 2750, Pyrometry.ASTM International standards:4ASTM E 1742, Sta
46、ndard Practice for RadiographicExamination; andASTM E 1417, Practice for Liquid PenetrantExamination.National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL)standard:5NCSL Z540-1, General Requirements for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring and Test Equipment.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0, Standard
47、 Welding Terms and Definitions,Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, providesthe basis for terminology used herein.For the purposes of this document, the following termsand definitions apply:braze joint. The total area, as defined by the en
48、gineeringdrawing, of the faying surfaces to be joined by braz-ing and the fillets that form at the edges of that area.braze joint proper. The total area, as defined by theengineering drawing, of the faying surfaces to bejoined by brazing, excluding any fillets that form atthe edges of that area.braz
49、ing procedure specification (BPS). A documentspecifying the required brazing variables for a spe-cific application.brazing symbol. The symbol on the engineering draw-ing designating the location, class, and configurationof the brazed joint. Such symbols shall be in accor-dance with AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Weld-ing, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.joint dimensions. The joint length is the greater of thetwo dimensions of the joint parallel to the faying sur-faces. The joint width is the lesser of these two dimen-4ASTM International standards are published by ASTM Inter-nati
