1、AWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008An American National StandardProcessSpecificationand OperatorQualificationfor Laser BeamWelding550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteMarch 13, 2008Process Specification andOperator
2、Qualificationfor Laser Beam Welding1st EditionPrepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification on laser beam welding discusses
3、applicable specifications, safety, requirements, fabrication, qualityexamination, equipment calibration and maintenance, approval of work, and delivery of work.iiAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-097-0American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 200
4、8 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written perm
5、ission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright
6、 Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (
7、AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or t
8、he regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all ca
9、ses, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Sta
10、ndards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not indepen
11、dently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, direct
12、ly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or othe
13、r services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining th
14、e exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edit
15、ion.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the us
16、e of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Of
17、ficial interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550
18、N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex E).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions
19、 represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substit
20、ute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting.It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommen-dations, additions, or deletions
21、) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requiredand should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C7Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting and the author of the comments will be informed of the Commi
22、t-tees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C7 Committee on High EnergyBeam Welding and Cutting to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concern-ing all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Techn
23、ical Activities Committee. A copy of theseRules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008vAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008PersonnelAWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingP. W. Hochanadel, Chair
24、 Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. A. Palmer, 1st Vice Chair Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryK. W. Lachenberg, 2nd Vice Chair Sciaky, IncorporatedA. M. Alonso, Secretary American Welding SocietyP. Blomquist Precision Light Systems, LLCP. E. Denney Connecticut Center for Advanced TechnologyD. D.
25、 Kautz Los Alamos National LaboratoryE. D. Levert Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire ControlD. E. Powers PTRPrecision Technologies, IncorporatedAdvisors to the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingR. D. Dixon RetiredP. W. Fuerschbach Sandia National LaboratoryR. W. Messler, Jr. Ren
26、sselaer Polytechnic InstituteJ. O. Milewski Los Alamos National LaboratoryT. M. Mustaleski BWXT Y-12 LLCR. C. Salo Sciaky, IncorporatedAWS C7C Subcommittee on Laser Beam Welding and CuttingP. Blomquist, Chair Precision Light Systems, LLCP. E. Denney, Vice Chair Connecticut Center for Advanced Techno
27、logyA.M. Alonso, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. M. Douglass Preco, IncorporatedS. L. Engel HDE Technologies, IncorporatedD. F. Farson The Ohio State UniversityD. A. Hinkley Sandia National LaboratoryS. Jensen Visotek IncorporatedD. D. Kautz Los Alamos National LaboratoryR. P. Martukanitz Appli
28、ed Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania StateUniversityL. R. Migliore Coherent, IncorporatedD. E. Powers PTRPrecision Technologies, IncorporatedG. C. Schmid Bechtel Bettis, IncorporatedAdvisors to the AWS C7C Subcommittee on Laser Beam Welding and CuttingR. D. Dixon RetiredT. A. Jones Ford Motor Compan
29、yJ. O. Milewski Los Alamos National LaboratoryThis page is intentionally blank.viAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008viiAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008ForewordThis foreword is not part of AWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008, Process Specification and OperatorQualification for Laser Beam Welding, but is included for informational purposes only.
30、The first practical demonstration of a laser occurred in 1960. As laser output power increased through maturing technol-ogy, the use of lasers for material processing became widespread by the early 1970s. Currently, lasers are an acceptedindustrial tool for traditional and nontraditional materials p
31、rocessing operations that benefit from the lasers unique char-acteristics. While the materials processing applications of lasers in industry are diverse, this document focuses on theprocess specification and operator qualification.The data contained in this Process Specification and Operator Qualifi
32、cation for Laser Beam Welding has been compiledand reviewed by the C7C Laser Beam Welding and Cutting Subcommittee of the American Welding Society, whichincludes representatives from manufacturers and users of laser beam welding, cutting, and drilling equipment.This page is intentionally blank.viiiA
33、WS C7.4/C7.4M:2008ixAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008Table of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword viiList of Tables x1. Scope.11.1 Materials 11.2 Qualification Categories 12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions.24. Safety 34.1 Electric Shock34.2 Fumes and Gases .44.3 Laser Radiation Hazards44.4 Radiati
34、on Hazards44.5 Mechanical Systems 45. Requirements.45.1 Equipment Categories45.2 Materials 55.3 Joint Design .55.4 Documentation and Records55.5 Procedures55.6 Essential Variables and Limits 65.7 Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS).75.8 Testing .75.9 Levels of Requalification.75.10 System Verific
35、ation Test (SVT) 75.11 Operator Process Qualification Test Record (OPQTR).85.12 Production Welding Record 85.13 Inspection Procedures86. Fabrication.87. Quality Examination.87.1 Nondestructive Examination (NDE)97.2 Discontinuity Limits 97.3 Destructive Evaluation.98. System Calibration99. Quality As
36、surance .99.1 Sampling Plans 99.2 Lot Definition 99.3 Preproduction Sampling 99.4 Part Acceptance .99.5 Periodic Destructive Evaluation 9xPage No.AWS C7.4/C7.4M:200810. Approval of Work .910.1 Preproduction Development Approval910.2 Deviation to WPS 910.3 Reports.9Annex A (Informative)Sample Welding
37、 Procedure Specification (WPS).11Annex B (Informative)Sample Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)13Annex C (Informative)Sample Operator Process Qualification Test Record (OPQTR) .15Annex D (Informative)Nondestructive Evaluation Discontinuity Limits17Annex E (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparatio
38、n of Technical Inquires19List of AWS Documents on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting.21xiAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008List of TablesTable Page No.1 Nondestructive Examination.9This page is intentionally blank.xiiAWS C7.4/C7.4M:2008AWS C7.4/C7.4M:200811. ScopeThis specification covers processing and quality
39、controlrequirements for laser beam welding. Welding equip-ment includes both Gas Laser (CO2) and Solid-StateLaser (Nd:YAG, Diode, Ruby, Fiber, Nd:Glass) beamgenerators in both pulsed and continuous wave asdefined in AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Def-initions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bond
40、ing, Brazing,Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.Tutorial information regarding techniques of welding ordetails of machine setup or operation is beyond the scopeof this specification. For more information on this sub-ject, refer to AWS C7.2, Recommended Practices forLaser Welding, Cutti
41、ng, and Related Processes.This standard makes use of both U.S. Customary Unitsand the International System of Units (SI). The latterare shown within brackets or in appropriate columnsin tables and figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system must be usedindependently
42、.Safety and health issues may not be fully addressed bythis standard. Users of this standard should consult ANSIZ49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,applicable federal, state, and local regulations, and otherrelevant documents concerning safety and health issuesnot addressed herei
43、n. Please consult Clause 4 for moreinformation.1.1 Materials. This specification covers all major engi-neering alloys including:1.1.1 Ferrous Alloys (e.g., steels and stainless steels)1.1.2 Nonferrous Alloys (e.g., Al alloys, Ni alloys,Superalloys)1.1.3 Heat-Resisting Alloys (e.g., Mo alloys, Taallo
44、ys, W alloys)1.1.4 Other Metals (e.g., Be and Cu alloys, preciousmetals)1.1.5 Nonmetals (e.g., plastics, ceramics, silicon)1.2 Qualification Categories. There are three categoriesto which welds may be qualified to: Class A, B, or C.Classification levels are intended to delineate inspectionlevel and
45、process control.1.2.1 Class ACritical Applications. Critical weld-ments include those where a failure of any portion wouldcause loss of system, loss of major component, loss ofcontrol, unintentional release of critical stores, such asfuel or cargo, or endangerment of personnel.1.2.2 Class BSemicriti
46、cal Applications. Semicriti-cal weldments include those where a failure wouldreduce the overall efficiency of the system, but loss ofthe system or endangerment of personnel would not beexperienced.1.2.3 Class CNoncritical Applications. Noncriticalweldments include those where a failure would not aff
47、ectthe efficiency of the system or endanger personnel.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis AWS standard. For undated references, the latestedition of the referenced standard shall apply. For datedreferenc
48、es, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of,any of these publications do not apply.American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards:ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and AlliedProcesses;1andANSI Z87.1, Practices for Occupational and Educa-tional Eye and Face Protection;2and1ANSI Z49.1
49、is published by the American Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2ANSI Z87.1 is published by the International Safety Equip-ment Association, 1901 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA22209-1762.Process Specification and OperatorQualification for Laser Beam WeldingAWS C7.4/C7.4M:20082ANSI Z136.1, Practices for the Safe Use of Lasers.3American Welding Society (AWS) standards:4AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions,Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedur
