1、AWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017An American National StandardProcess Specification and Operator Qualification for Laser Hybrid WeldingAWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017An American National StandardApproved by the American National Standards Institute February 16th, 2017Process Specification and Operator Qualification for Laser
2、 Hybrid Welding1st EditionPrepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingUnder the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by the AWS Board of DirectorsiiAWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017ISBN: 978-0-87171-908-9 2017 by American Welding Societ
3、yAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright own
4、er.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 R
5、osewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .iiiAWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary con
6、sensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of ot
7、her governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standard
8、s carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are develo
9、ped through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalua
10、te, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly re
11、sulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or
12、 on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of
13、reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel. This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amendments or errata
14、, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda. Publication of this standard
15、 does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does no
16、t monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addre
17、ssed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex G). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a con
18、venience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or
19、interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not re
20、vised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C7 Committ
21、ee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and Cutting to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal o
22、f an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.ivAWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017This page is intentionally blank.vAWS C
23、7.6/C7.6M:2017PersonnelAWS C7 Committee on High Energy Beam Welding and CuttingT. A. Palmer, Chair Penn State UniversityK. W. Lachenberg, Vice Chair Sciaky CorporationD. D. Kautz., 2nd Vice Chair Los Alamos National LaboratoryP. Portela, Secretary American Welding SocietyP. E. Denney The Lincoln Ele
24、ctric CompanyJ. W. Elmer Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryP. W. Hochandel Los Alamos National LaboratoryF. Kong ESAB Welding therefore, each system must be used independently. 1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health informa
25、tion is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available in the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information
26、on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers2AWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017Applicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials
27、that have been deemed hazardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to address such risks as we
28、ll as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when developing the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe documents listed below are referenced within this publication and are mandatory to the extent specified herein. For undated references, the latest edition o
29、f the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards:ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes; ANSI Z87.1, Practices for Occupational a
30、nd Educational Eye and Face Protection; andANSI Z136.1, Practices for the Safe Use of Lasers.American Welding Society (AWS) standards:AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definition, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS B2.1, Speci
31、fication for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification; andAWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds; Other documents:SDSs, Safety Data Sheets.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions provides the basis for terms and definitions used herei
32、n. The terms and definitions used in this text are generally specific to laser hybrid processing. Terms that are not part of common welding vocabulary are defined, and the definitions of some standard welding terms are changed slightly to more accurately describe those terms as they apply to laser h
33、ybrid welding processes. A list of acronyms used within the document can be found in Annex E. However, the following terms and definitions are included to accommodate usage specific to this document.auxiliary power supply. A secondary energy source used in the laser hybrid welding process, besides t
34、he laser beam, which contributes sufficient energy such that the additional absorbed energy augments the resulting molten pool geometry. Examples of an auxiliary power supply are GMAW or hot wire.cavity. See resonator.CNC. An acronym for computer numerical control, a device that controls a machine t
35、ool by reading numerical data and transforming it into machine axis movements.continuous power. See continuous wave.continuous wave (CW). A laser beam which is produced continuously rather than as a series of pulses.dilution ratio. The ratio of the substrate area melted to the total area melted and
36、can be measured geometrically by the formula a(a + b)2, where a is the cross sectional area of the substrate that was melted by the cladding process, and b is the cross sectional area of the cladding bead above the substrate, or determined by other techniques.3AWS C7.6/C7.6M:2017diode laser. A type
37、of laser in which the active medium is a semiconductor with polished end facets forming mirror surfaces. Also called semiconductor laser. Diode lasers used for alignment emit in the visible; other diode lasers emitting in the infrared are used for material processing. Typical wavelengths for this ty
38、pe of laser range from 0.63 to 0.99 micrometers depending upon the laser active medium chemical composition.fiber laser. A solid-state laser design in which the active medium is a doped optical fiber. Typical wavelengths for this type of laser are 1.06, 1.55, or 1.8 micrometers depending upon the ac
39、tive medium dopant.focal length. In a lens or lens system, the distance from the principal plane, the surface at which the projections of an entering and exiting ray intersect, to the focal point. In a thick lens or system of lenses, the principal plane is often inside the lens itself; for setup pur
40、poses, operators often use the back focal length, which is the distance from the front surface of a focusing lens or mirror system to the focal point.infrared (IR). Electromagnetic radiation possessing wavelengths between those of visible light and microwaves.keyhole. A laser melting mode characteri
41、zed by high power densities and vaporization of material that is pushed out, creating a weld that has a high depth to width aspect ratio.laser. A device that produces a concentrated coherent light beam by stimulated electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy levels. Laser is an acronym for
42、light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.laser beam. The output radiation of a laser that can be steered and focused by mirrors, lenses, or both, to do useful work.laser beam to wire distance. Distance from the center of the laser beam diameter at the workpiece and the projection of t
43、he wire tip onto the workpiece surface measured parallel to the weld axis.laser generator. See laser.laser system. A machine or fabrication tool consisting of a laser, a workpiece holder, and a means of delivering the beam to the workpiece and deflecting it over the workpiece in a controlled manner.
44、 The most common type of controller is a computer numerical controller, or CNC, but a robot controller is also used. lens. A transparent optical element with curved surfaces, used to converge or diverge light rays via refraction.mirror. An optical element that reflects nearly 100% of the laser beam.
45、Nd:Glass. Neodymium-doped glass that is utilized as the lasing material in some solid-state lasers. The neodymium atoms form the active medium. A typical wavelength for this type of laser is 1.06 micrometers.Nd:YAG. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal that is utilized as the lasing
46、 material in a common type of solid-state laser. The neodymium atoms form the active medium. See YAG. A typical wavelength for this type of laser is 1.06 micrometers.nozzle. A device projecting from the focusing head with an outlet to direct gas into the laser beam processing area.plume. The vapor c
47、loud that forms above the laser/material interaction zone. It can consist of excited and partially ionized assist gases (plasma) and atoms of the material vaporized by the intense laser beam and can have a temperature equivalent to tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin. Under certain conditions, the p
48、lume can absorb or scatter the incoming laser beam, reducing transmission of the beam, the energy absorbed by the workpiece, and weld penetration.polarizer. An optic that transmits light of only a single polarization, or otherwise alters the polarization of radiation.power. With respect to lasers, p
49、ower is the rate of energy flow from the radiation source. Power is usually measured in watts, an energy flow of a joule per second, or kilowatts (kW). With respect to the auxiliary power supply, power is the mathematical product of electric current and voltage. In laser hybrid processing, power is referred to as the sum of the laser power and the power of GMAW or hot wire power supplies.Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). A written record of welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on that weldment to qualify a Welding Procedure Spec
