1、Specification forWelding ofIndustrial and MillCranes and OtherMaterial HandlingEquipmentAWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126AWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteFebruary 24, 2005Spec
2、ification forWelding of Industrial andMill Cranes and OtherMaterial Handling Equipment4th EditionSupersedes ANSI/AWS D14.1-97Prepared byAWS D14 Committee on Machinery and EquipmentUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractRequirements are presen
3、ted for the design and fabrication of constructional steel weldments that are used in industrialand mill cranes, lifting devices and other material handling equipment. Requirements are also included for modification,weld repair, and postweld treatments of new and existing weldments. Filler metal and
4、 welding procedure guidelines arerecommended for the applicable base metals, which are limited to carbon and low-alloy steels. Allowable unit stressesare provided for weld metal and base metal for various cyclically loaded joint designs.Key WordsCranes, industrial cranes, lifting devices, material h
5、andling equipment, mill cranesiiStatement on Use of AWS American National StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the
6、 rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of,documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies,their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statu
7、te. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must beapproved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws andregulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes theAWS
8、standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-736-0American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2005 by American
9、Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaAWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the proce
10、ssand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other dama
11、ges of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuin
12、g and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independen
13、t judgment or, as appropriate, seek the adviceof a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does
14、 not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, AWS does
15、not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the tech
16、nical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writ-ing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126 (see Annex C). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opi
17、nions on AWS standardsmay be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. Theseindividuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpreta-tions of AWS. In addition,
18、 oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn.
19、Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D14 Committee onMachinery and Equipment and the author of the c
20、omments will be informed of the Committees response to thecomments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment toexpress their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments areprovided in the Rules of O
21、peration of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained fromthe American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, oreduc
22、ational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that theappropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;online: http:/.iiiPersonnelAWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipmen
23、tJ. L. Warren, Chair CNH America LLCD. J. Malito, 1st Vice Chair Girard Machine Company, IncorporatedL. L. Schweinegruber, 2nd Vice Chair Robinson Industries, IncorporatedP. Howe, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. B. Ashley Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds.
24、4615 Acceptable Reinforcement on Groove Welds in Pipe and Tubing 5516 SMAW Electrode Groups 5517 Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness QualifiedWelder andWelding Operator Qualification.5718 Welder QualificationType and Position Limitations .5819 Penetrameter Requirements .8120 Ult
25、rasonic Testing Angle .8921 Ultrasonic Acceptance and Rejection Criteria .91AWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005xiiList of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Illustrative Examples for Table 4.132 Fillet and Combined Weld Dimension.153 Size and Effective Throat Measurements for Fillet and Partial Penetration Groove Weldswith
26、Reinforcing Fillet Welds164 Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld.175 Classification of Welded Joints186 Transition of Butt Joints in Parts Having Unequal Thickness .217 Transition of Width at Butt Joints of Parts Having Unequal Width 228 Edge Discontinuities in Cut Material.259 Pneumatic Hammer Peenin
27、g2910 Unacceptable Submerged Arc Weld Pass where the Depth and Width Exceed the Face Width 3211 Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds 4312 Positions of Test Pipe or Tubing for Groove Welds4413 Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds4514A Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe 2 in. 50
28、mm or 3 in. 75 mm in Diameter 4714B Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe 6 in. 150 mm or 8 in. 200 mm in Diameter 4714C Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test PlateElectroslag and Electrogas WeldingProcedure Qualification .4814D Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate Over 3/8 i
29、n. 10 mm ThickProcedureQualification.4914E Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate 3/8 in. 10 mm Thick and UnderProcedure Qualification .5015A Reduced-Section Tension Specimens 5115B All-Weld-Metal Tension Specimens5215C Face- and Root-Bend Specimens .5315D Side-Bend Specimens 5416 Fillet We
30、ld Soundness Test for Procedure Qualification.5417A Test Plate for Unlimited ThicknessWelder Qualification5917B Optional Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness, Horizontal PositionWelder Qualification5918A Test Plate for Limited Thickness, All PositionsWelder Qualification.6018B Optional Test Plate for
31、Limited Thickness, Horizontal PositionWelder Qualification .6019A Pipe Test Butt Joint without BackingWelder Qualification.6119B Pipe Test Butt Joint with BackingWelder Qualification6120 Test Joint for T-, Y-, and K-Connections on Pipe or TubingWelder Qualification 6121 Location of Test Specimens on
32、 Welded Test PipeWelder Qualification.6222 Fillet Weld Break and Macroetch Test PlateWelder Qualification, Option 1 .6323 Fillet Weld Root-Bend Test PlateWelder Qualification, Option 2 6424A Guided-Bend Test JigStandard Design 6624B Alternative Guided-Bend Test JigWraparound Design .6724C Alternativ
33、e Guided-Bend Test JigRoller-Equipped Design for Bottom Ejection of Test Specimens .6825 Examples of Workmanship Samples .6926 Test Plate for Unlimited ThicknessWelding Operator Qualification.7127 Butt Joint for Electroslag and ElectrogasWelding Operator Qualification7228 Fillet Weld Break and Macro
34、etch Test PlateWelding Operator Qualification, Option 1 7329 Fillet Weld Root-Bend Test PlateWelding Operator Qualification, Option 2.74AWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005xiiiFigure Page No.30 Fillet Weld Break SpecimenTack Welder Qualification .7631 Method of Fracturing Fillet Weld Break SpecimenTack Welder Qual
35、ification7632 Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles .7933 Weld Quality Requirements for Discontinuities Occurring in Welds (Limitation of Porosity andFusion-Type Discontinuities).8234A RC Resolution Reference Block (U.S. Units)8434B RC Resolution Reference Block (SI Units) .8534C Typical Transdu
36、cer Positions.8635 Plan View of UT Scanning Patterns 88I.1 Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints.95I.2 Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints109A.1 Sample Form E1, Front120A.2 Sample Form E1, Back 121A.3 Sample Form E2.122A.4 Sample Form E3.123A.5 Sample F
37、orm E4.124A.6 Sample Form E5.125A.7 Sample Form E6.126A.8 Sample Form E7.128B.1 Examples of Weld Quality Requirements129AWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005xivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS D14.1/D14.1M:2005AWS D14.1/D14.1M:200511. Scope and General Provisions1.1 Scope. This specification applies to the weld
38、ing of allprincipal structural weldments and all primary weldsused in the manufacture of cranes for industrial, mill,power house, and nuclear facilities. Furthermore, thespecification applies to other overhead material handlingmachinery and equipment that support and transportloads within the design
39、 rating, vertically or horizontally,during normal operations, and, when agreed uponbetween the Owner and Manufacturer, to loading causedby abnormal operations or environmental events, such asseismic loading.Secondary welds that will be subjected to tensilestresses of less than 5000 psi 34.5 MPa need
40、 only meetthe requirements of Section 7, Workmanship, and Sec-tion 10, Weld Quality and Inspection. The engineeringdrawings shall specify the joint detail, type, and size ofweld. This specification is not intended for application toconstruction- or crawler-type cranes. For the welding ofrails, refer
41、 to AWS D15.2, Recommended Practice forthe Welding of Rails and Related Rail Components forUse by Rail Vehicles.All provisions of this specification are equally appli-cable to the strengthening and repairing of existingoverhead cranes and material handling equipment asdescribed above.This specificat
42、ion makes use of both U.S. CustomaryUnits and the International System of Units (SI). Themeasurements may not be exact equivalents; thereforeeach system shall be used independently of the otherwithout combining in any way. The specification withthe designation D14.1 uses U.S. Customary Units. Thespe
43、cification D14.1M uses SI Units. The latter are shownin appropriate columns in tables and figures or withinbrackets . Detailed dimensions on figures are ininches. A separate tabular form that relates the U.S.Customary Units with SI Units may be used in tables andfigures.Safety and health issues and
44、concerns are beyond thescope of this standard, and therefore are not fullyaddressed herein. Safety and health information is avail-able from other sources, including, but not limited to,ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-cesses and applicable federal and state regulations. Someot
45、her sources of safety and health information can befound in Annex D.1.2 General Provisions. The Manufacturers1adherenceto this specification shall include responsibility for thefollowing:(1) Welding, as defined in the Scope, in accordancewith this specification;(2) Producing the welds designated on
46、the drawingsby appropriate welding symbols and notes containingsufficient detail to show joint preparations compatiblewith the designated welding processes;(3) Providing written welding procedures;(4) Recording results of all procedure and welderqualification tests;(5) Controlling the use of designa
47、ted base metals andconsumables; and(6) Inspecting the welds to the requirements of thisspecification.1.2.1 Acceptance. Acceptance shall be as agreedupon between the Manufacturer and the Owner (pur-chaser). The fundamental premise of this specification isto provide general stipulations applicable to
48、most situa-tions. Acceptance criteria for production welds differentfrom those stated in this specification may be used for aparticular application, provided they are suitably docu-mented by the proposer and approved by the Engineer.These alternate acceptance criteria can be based uponevaluation of
49、suitability for service using past experi-ence, experimental evidence or engineering analysisconsidering material type, service-load effects, and envi-ronmental factors.1. Manufacturer refers to the organization responsible for theperformance of the work covered by this specification (see def-inition in Section 3).Specification for Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranesand Other Material Handling EquipmentAWS D14.1/D14.1M:200521.2.2 Welding Symbols. Welding symbols used onshop drawings shall be those shown in AWS A2.4, Stan-dard Sy
