1、Specification forthe Design ofWelded Joints inMachinery andEquipmentAWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012An American National StandardAWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteApril 18, 2012Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equ
2、ipment4th EditionSupersedes AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D14 Committee Machinery and EquipmentUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification establishes common acceptance criteria for c
3、lassifying and applying carbon and low-alloy steel weldedjoints used in the manufacture of machines and equipment. It also covers weld joint design, workmanship, quality con-trol requirements and procedures, welding operator and welding procedure qualification, weld joint inspection (visual,radiogra
4、phic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant), repair of weld defects, and heat treatment.International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-812-9American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 2012 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America
5、Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, o
6、r educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appro-priate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400;Interne
7、t: .AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012iiAWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been develo
8、ped in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisio
9、ns carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the
10、contract or other document that invokesthe AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards developm
11、ent process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS adminis-ters the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test,evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any info
12、rmation or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of,
13、 or reliance on thisstandard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor
14、 is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance
15、s. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publica-tion of amendments or errata. It may also be supplemen
16、ted by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editionsof AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Usersshould ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not author
17、ize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.The AWS does not monitor, pol
18、ice, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requiremen
19、ts of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex C). Withregard t
20、o technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. Theseopinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Suchopinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular indivi
21、duals giving them. These individuals do not speakon behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi-tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject
22、to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are
23、 required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D14 Committee onMachinery and Equipment and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the com-ments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS
24、D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment to expresstheir comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in theRules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 8
25、669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012ivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012vPersonnelAWS D14 Committee on Machinery and EquipmentT. J. Landon, Chair Chicago Bridge therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in anyway. The specif
26、ication with the designation D14.4 uses U.S. Customary Units. The specification D14.4M uses SI Units.The latter are shown in appropriate columns in tables and figures or within brackets when used in the text. Detaileddimensions on figures are in inches. A separate tabular form that relates the U.S.
27、Customary Units with SI Units may beused in tables and figures.1.4 Safety and HealthSafety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health information is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein.Safety and health information is available f
28、rom the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials
29、manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers Applicable Regulatory AgenciesAWS D14.4/D14.4M:201212. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this AWSStandard. For undated references, the l
30、atest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subse-quent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.2.1 American Welding Society (AWS)1AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive ExaminationAWS A3.0, Standard Welding
31、Terms and DefinitionsAWS A5.1/5.1M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc WeldingAWS A5.5/5.5M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc WeldingAWS A5.17/5.17M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc WeldingAWS A5.
32、18/5.18M, Specification for Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc WeldingAWS A5.20/5.20M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc WeldingAWS A5.23/5.23M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc WeldingAWS A5.28/5.28M, Specification for
33、 Low-Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc WeldingAWS A5.29/5.29M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc WeldingAWS A5.32/5.32M (ISO 14175), Welding ConsumablesGases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding and AlliedProcessesAWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedur
34、e and Performance QualificationAWS B4.0-98, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (U. S. Customary units only)AWS B4.0M:2000, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (SI units only)AWS QC1, Standard and Guide for Qualification and Certification of Welding InspectorsAWS QC7, Stand
35、ard for Certified Welders2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)2ASME Section VIII-Div 1, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Design andFabrication of Pressure VesselsASME Section VIII-Div 2, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2: Alte
36、rnative Rules2.3 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)3ASTM A6/A6M, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates,Shapes, and Sheet PilingASTM A370, Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsASTM A435/435M, Standard Spe
37、cification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel PlatesASTM E94, Standard Guide for Radiographic ExaminationASTM E164, Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldmentsASTM E587, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle Beam Contact TestingAWS D14.4/D14.4M:201221AWS standards a
38、re published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.2ASME standards are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.3ASTM standards are published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, PO Box C700, 100 Barr Harb
39、or Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM E709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingASTM E747, Standard Practice Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire ImageQuality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyASTM E1025, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Ma
40、terial Grouping Classification of Hole TypeImage Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyASTM E1032, Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments2.4 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)4ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestr
41、uctive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3. DefinitionsThe terms that follow are defined for the purposes of this specification. Other terms used in this specification are definedin AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.attachme
42、nt. A component connected to a principal structural weldment, by welding or mechanical means, not requiredto carry the main working loads during normal operations.Engineer. The responsible technical authority.Manufacturer. The organization responsible for the performance of the work covered by this
43、specification.Owner. The person, company, or agency exercising legal ownership of the machinery or equipment produced in accor-dance with this standard.principal structural weldments. Any weldments that carries the main working loads during normal operations.primary weld. Any weld on a principal str
44、uctural weldment directly transferring the main working load(s).stress range. The algebraic difference between the maximum stress and minimum stress.secondary weld. Any weld that does not directly transfer the main working loads through components that make up theprincipal structural weldment. All w
45、elds on secondary weldments are secondary welds. Welds that join attachments toprincipal structural weldments are secondary welds. A secondary weld can fail through the throat and not affect thenormal operation of the equipment.secondary member. Any component not carrying the main working loads duri
46、ng normal operations.secondary weldment. A welded secondary member.tensile strength of the weld metal. The minimum tensile strength specified for the filler metal classification as publishedin the applicable filler metal specification.4. General Design Requirements4.1 Weldment Classifications4.1.1 P
47、rincipal Structural Weldments. The Engineer shall determine which weldment(s) carry the main workingload(s) during normal operations, and are therefore principal structural weldment(s). Weldments that do not carry mainworking load(s) during normal operations may be considered secondary weldments.AWS
48、 D14.4/D14.4M:201234ASNT standards are published by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane,Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4.1.1.1 Roll Over Protective System/Falling Object Protective System (ROPS/FOPS). All weldments that are partof the ROPS or FOPS shall be c
49、onsidered as principal structural weldments.4.1.1.2 Transportation weldments. Weldments through which normal transportation loads are carried shall beconsidered as principal structural weldments. Transportation loads associated with the initial shipping of the product arenot considered normal transportation loads.4.1.2 Welded Attachments. Attachments to principal structural weldments that are connected with welds that are 4 inches 100 mm or longer in length in the direction of principal stress shall be considered to be part of the principalstructural weldment. Attachments that are wel
