1、Specification for the Welding of HydraulicCylindersAWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013 An American National StandardAWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013An American National StandardApproved by the American National Standards InstituteOctober 30, 2012Specification for the Welding of Hydraulic Cylinders1st EditionPrepared by the
2、American Welding Society (AWS) D14 Committee on Machinery and EquipmentUnder the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by the AWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification provides standards for the design and manufacture of pressure containing welded joints and structuralwe
3、lded joints used in the manufacture of hydraulic cylinders. Manufacturers responsibilities are presented as they relateto the welding practices that have been proven successful within the industry in the production of hydraulic cylinders.Included are sections defining welding procedure qualification
4、, welding performance qualification, workmanship andquality requirements as well as inspection requirements and repair requirements.AWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013iiInternational Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-831-0American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 2013 by American Weldin
5、g SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyri
6、ghtowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appro-priate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,
7、 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400;Internet: .AWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are volunta
8、ry consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations o
9、f other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws andregulations. In all cases, these stand
10、ards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes theAWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are deve
11、loped through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test,evalu
12、ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly
13、resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance onthis standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information publishedherein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or
14、on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of rea
15、sonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or
16、 supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they havethe latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does
17、 not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monit
18、or, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to
19、the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 (see AnnexF). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be ren-dered. These opinions are offered solely as a
20、 convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions o
21、r interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it mus
22、t be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D14 Committee onMachinery
23、and Equipment and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the com-ments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment to expresstheir comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such
24、 comments are provided in theRules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.AWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013ivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013vPersonnelAWS D14 C
25、ommittee on Machinery and EquipmentT. J. Landon, Chair Chicago Bridge (2) producing welds as designated on drawings by appropriate symbols and notes, with sufficient detail to show jointpreparation compatible with applied processes;(3) providing written welding procedure specifications (WPSs);(4) re
26、cording and maintaining results of all welding procedure and welder performance qualification tests;(5) controlling use of designated base metals and welding consumables;(6) inspecting the welds to the requirements of this specification;(7) having a welding quality program in place. The requirements
27、 of AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification ofWelding Fabricators may be used as a guide in establishing this welding quality program. Accreditation of quality systemsof welding fabricators may be obtained through the AWS Certified Welding Fabricator (CWF) or equivalent programs.1.2 Units of
28、Measure. This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units(SI). The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the otherwithout combining them in any way. The specification with the designation D14.9 us
29、es U.S. Customary Units. Thespecification D14.9M uses SI Units. The latter are shown in appropriate columns in tables and figures or within brackets when used in the text. Detailed dimensions on figures are in inches. A separate tabular form that relates the U.S.Customary Units with SI units may be
30、used in tables and figures.1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fullyaddressed herein. Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,
31、and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersAWS D14.9/D14.9M:20132App
32、licable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous, andmay involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safetyand health risks that may be encount
33、ered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program toaddress such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when devel-oping the safety program.1.4 Symbols. Welding symbols shown on drawings shall be compatible with those
34、 shown in AWS A2.4, StandardSymbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. In addition, welding symbols not conforming to therequirements of AWS A2.4, but conforming to the requirements of this specification may be allowed on drawings.Special conditions or deviations shall be fully ex
35、plained by added notes, details, or definitions on the drawings.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text constitute provisions of this AWS stan-dard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For
36、dated references, subsequentamendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.2.1 AWS Standards1(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination(3) AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding
37、 Terms and Definitions(4) AWS A5.01M/A5.01 (ISO 14344 MOD), Procurement Guidelines for ConsumablesWelding and AlliedProcessesFlux and Gas Shielded Electrical Welding(5) AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD), Welding ConsumablesGases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Weldingand Allied Processes(6) AWS B2.1/B2.1
38、M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification(7) AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (US Customary Units)(8) AWS B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds (Metric Customary Units)(9) AWS C1.4/C1.4M, Specification for Resistance Welding of C
39、arbon and Low-Alloy Steels(10) AWS C4.1, Criteria for Describing Oxygen-Cut Surfaces and Oxygen Cutting Surface Roughness Gage(11) AWS C6.2/C6.2M, Specification for Friction Welding of Metals(12) AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment(13) AWS QC1,
40、Standard for Certification of Welding Inspectors2.2 CSA Standards2(1) CSA W178.2, Certification of Welding Inspectors3. Terms and DefinitionsTerms used in this specification shall be in accordance with AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.Additional terms specific to this standard
41、are defined in this section.1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.2CSA Standards are published by the Canadian Welding Bureau, (CWB), 7250 West Credit Avenue, Mississauga, ON L5N 5N1.Engineer. The responsible technical authority.Gr
42、oove Width. The opening between groove faces in a groove joint. See Figure 2 (the z dimension) for combination joints.High Cycle Cylinder. A cylinder designed for an expected life to exceed one million cycles.Low Cycle Cylinder. A cylinder designed for an expected life of under one million cycles.Ma
43、nufacturer. The organization responsible for the performance of the work covered by this specification.Operator of Automatic Welding Equipment. Personnel who operate equipment that requires only occasional or noobservation and no manual adjustment of the controls.Owner. The person, company or agency
44、 that purchases the hydraulic cylinders.Performance Qualification Variables. One of a set of requirements that define the limits of qualification of welders andwelding operators. A change beyond the limits used in qualification requires requalification.Procedure Qualification Variable. One of a set
45、of elements that define the limits of use of a Welding ProcedureSpecification. A change beyond the limits used in qualification requires requalification.Qualification Variable. See performance qualification variable and procedure qualification variable. (Q) is used as thedesignator.Toughness Variabl
46、e. A qualification variable for toughness applications. (T) is used as the designator.Welding Consumables. Filler metals, consumable inserts, fluxes, and shielding gases used in the welding process.Welding Operator. One who operates adaptive control, automatic, mechanized, or robotic welding equipme
47、nt.Welding Variable. Any controllable detail of a welding procedure which is required to be addressed on the WPS.WPS Data Variable. A welding variable that if changed, does not require requalification. However, a revised WPS ornew WPS shall be prepared. (D) is used as the designator.4. Base Material
48、s4.1 Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals. Rolled steels, steel castings and forgings, and nonferrous metals used in theweldments for hydraulic cylinder applications shall be identified by a specification. Specifications developed by theManufacturer or commonly used industry-wide specifications developed b
49、y organizations such as the American Societyfor Testing and Materials (ASTM), American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),and American Foundrymens Society (AFS) may be used.4.2 Properties. Base metal specifications shall designate the chemical composition of the material to be used and shallinclude the mechanical properties and/or heat treatment of the material when required for proper identification. Basemetals are expected to be compatible with the welding process and consumables recommended in this specification. It isnot intended that base meta
