1、Specification for Automotive Weld Quality Arc Welding of AluminumD8.14M:2017An American National StandardD8.14M:2017An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteAugust 18, 2017Specification for Automotive Weld Quality Arc Welding of Aluminum3rd EditionSupersedes A
2、WS D8.14M:2008Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D8 Committee on Automotive WeldingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification covers the arc welding of automotive components that are manufactured from aluminu
3、m alloys.D8.14M:2017iiISBN: 978-0-87171-919-5 2017 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recor
4、ding, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provi
5、ded that the appropri-ate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 7508400; Internet: .D8.14M:2017iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications
6、, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are includ
7、ed in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can bec
8、ome a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement betw
9、een the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the proc-ess and establishes rules to promote fairness
10、in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether speci
11、al, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information pub-lished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AW
12、S is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, see
13、k the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This sta
14、ndard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the late
15、st edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent o
16、r product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writin
17、g, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex D). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on A
18、WS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, n
19、or do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi-tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D8 Committee on Automotive Weldin
20、g. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments wi
21、ll receive careful consideration by the AWS D8 Committee on Automotive Welding and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D8 Committee on Automotive Welding to express their comments verbally. Proce
22、dures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.D8.14M:2017ivThis page is intentionally bl
23、ank.D8.14M:2017vPersonnelAWS D8 Committee on Automotive WeldingT. Coon, Chair Ford Motor CompanyD. L. Galiher, Vice Chair Tower InternationalA. I. Babinski, Secretary American Welding SocietyW. H. Brafford ConsultantE. Cross Meggitt Aircraft Braking SystemsJ. W. Dolfi ConsultantD. F. Hart ITW Weldin
24、gF. W. Hunt Hitachi Automotive Systems America, Inc.J. G. Hunt AET IntegrationS. C. Kelley ArcelorMittalD. P. Kelly Fusion Welding SolutionsD. R. Kolodziej ConsultantD. F. Maatz RAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal
25、Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS A5.10/A5.10M (ISO 18273 MOD) Welding ConsumablesWire Electrodes, Wires and Rods for Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys-ClassificationD8.14M:20172AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD) Welding ConsumablesGases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding and Allied ProcessesAW
26、S B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However, the following terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usag
27、e specific to this document.discrepant weld. A weld differing from the requirements of this standard. Even though this weld differs, it still may have useful engineering properties.effective weld length. The weld length measured along the portion of a weld that meets all the minimum acceptance requi
28、rements of the specification.gap. The distance between two base components of the joint to be welded (see Figure 1). Note: This distance is typically referred to as the root opening in nonautomotive applications.meltback. This occurs where the base metal melts back from an edge, but does not become
29、part of the weld. This condi-tion leaves a void between the weld deposit and the base metal (see Figure 2).notching. A weld-heat-related burn back of material at the end of the joint resulting in a notch (see Figure 3).pore. A rounded cavity-type discontinuity formed by gas entrapment during solidif
30、ication.skip. An unwelded portion of a designated weld (see Figure 2).suck-back. A concave surface on the side of the base metal opposite the point of weld metal application. This is illus-trated in Figures 4 and 5. Note: AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Including Terms for Adh
31、esive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, refers to suck-back as “a nonstandard term when used for underfill at the root surface”.Minimum Acceptable Leg Lengths:L1= 0.9 T1L2= 0.9 T1+ GAPT1= thickness of thinner sheetFigure 1Minimum Acceptable Leg Length Requirements i
32、n a Lap JointD8.14M:20173Figure 2Examples of Discontinuities Found in Arc WeldsFigure 3Example of Notching at the End of a WeldFigure 4Suck-Back in a Typical WeldFigure 5Suck-Back in an Overhead Groove WeldD8.14M:201744. General Provisions4.1 Application4.1.1 This specification is applicable to the
33、design and manufacture of automotive vehicles and components when specified on engineering drawings.4.1.2 Any requirements deviating from the limits of this specification shall be designated on the engineering drawings.4.1.3 If any conflict occurs between specified requirements herein and those spec
34、ified on the engineering drawings, the latter has precedence.4.2 Welding Processes. This specification covers quality requirements for welds made by the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and hybrid arc welding processes.4.3 Material. This specifi
35、cation covers the arc welding of aluminum extrusions, castings, forgings, sheet, and plate material.4.4 Surface Condition of Aluminum. The surface of the aluminum part, prior to welding, should be free from corrosion products, thick oxide, hydrated oxide, paint, lubricants, or other contaminants tha
36、t may adversely affect the welding quality.4.5 Joint Considerations4.5.1 Automatic and robotic arc welding require consistent part fitup and joint locations to achieve consistent weld quality. To ensure proper joint fit, all parts should be fabricated, positioned, and held in place (e.g., fixtured)
37、for maximum weld quality. All engineering drawing requirements shall be followed.4.5.2 Maximum allowable joint gap for specific joints is determined by the structural performance required in service and the ability to accommodate the gap during welding. The maximum allowable weld joint gap between a
38、djacent members less than 4 mm in thickness should be one-quarter the thickness of the thinner member or 1 mm, whichever is less. In the case of heavier gauges above 4 mm, the gap should not exceed 1.5 mm. The gap values listed above are the maximum allowable because tighter restrictions may be need
39、ed depending on the welding process and joint configuration used. Gaps larger than specified can adversely affect weld geometry, quality, and structural performance, i.e., fatigue life or strength.4.5.3 On lap weld joints, the edge trim should leave adequate material to allow for a T1-leg (T1= minim
40、um sheet thickness) fillet weld. See Figure 6 for acceptable weld flange based on thickness.4.6 Welding Equipment. Welding equipment meeting the specified welding process requirements should be used. Failure to do so may result in welding difficulties in production, e.g., poor weld quality or equipm
41、ent problems.4.7 Welding Procedure. Welding Procedures should be qualified to demonstrate the ability to reliably produce welds on production parts over a specified range of variables. Requirements for welding procedure qualification should be specified by the purchaser in the contract documents. In
42、 the absence of such requirements, welding procedures should be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized code. The purchaser is encouraged to accept welding procedure qualifications T (Sheet Thickness) mm WF (Minimum Weld Flange) mmLess than 44 to 6Greater than 61011T + 6Figure 6Minimum
43、Weld Flange Dimensions for Lap WeldsD8.14M:20175performed in accordance with AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, or AWS D1.2/D1.2M, Structural Welding CodeAluminum.4.8 Filler Metals. Filler metals shall conform to the requirements of AWS A5.10/A5.10M (I
44、SO 18273 MOD) Welding ConsumablesWire Electrodes, Wires and Rods for Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum AlloysClassification or as specified on the Engineering Drawing. Table 1 is the list of aluminum filler metals for use with each base metal alloy. See Annex A for a guide for the selection of a fill
45、er metal. All filler metals available may not be listed in this guide.4.9 Shielding Gases. The shielding gas for welding aluminum should be argon, helium, or a mixture of argon and helium. The shielding gas should be per AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO14175 MOD), Welding ConsumablesGases filler metal 5554 may
46、 replace these filler metals for sustained elevated temperature service.5. AWS filler metal classifications prefix letters “ER” and “R” have not been included.6. Filler metal selection should be based on performance criteria (reference Annex C).* Filler metal 4043, 4047 and 4943 may be used for base
47、 metal 5052 but are not recommended for base metal 5454. Filler metal 5554 is recommended for base metal 5454 that is to be used in sustained elevated temperature service.Table 1 (Continued) Aluminum Filler Metal Selection Guide for Structural Automotive ComponentsSource: Adapted from A3.0M/A3.0:201
48、0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Figure B.25, American Welding Society.Figure 7Convex Fillet Weld MeasurementFigure 8Single V-Groove Weld Partial Joint PenetrationD8.14M:20178Source: Adapted from AWS A2.4:2012, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, Figure 2
49、2(B).Figure 9Flare-V-Groove WeldSource: Adapted from AWS A2.4:2012, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, Figure 22(A).Figure 10Flare-Bevel-Groove WeldFigure 11AArc Plug Weld ProfileConvexityD8.14M:20179Figure 11BArc Plug Weld ProfileDepth of FusionMinimum Acceptable Dimensions:Effective Depth of Fill = 0.6 T1Leg Lengths: L1= 0.6 T1L2= 0.6 T1Interface Diameter = 4 T1T1= Thickness of thinner SheetEffective Depth of Fill = 0.6 T1Figure 11CArc Plug Weld ProfileEffective Depth of Fill (Note weld is discrepant)Top Diame
