1、Effects of Welding on Health X Key WOtdS- Welding, health, cancer, disease, exposure, fumes, gases, literature review, metal fume fever, noise, radiation, toxicology Effects of Welding on Health X Research performed by Biomedical Toxicology Associates Frederick, Maryland Written by Winifred G. Palme
2、r, Ph.D. and James C. Eaton, P.E. Prepared for Safety and Health Committee Abstract This literature review, with 293 citations, was prepared under contract to the American Welding Society for its Safety and Health Committee. lae review deals with studies of the fumes, gases, radiation, and noise gen
3、erated during various welding processes. Section 1 summarizes recent studies of occupational exposures, Section 2 contains information related to the human health effects, and Section 3 discusses the effects of welding on animals and cell cultures. I - Reproduced Dy GLOBAL - = Under Royalty Agreemen
4、t = .= - - - ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS - - With The Permission of AWS - - - - American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 international Standard Book Number: 0-87171-573-2 American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 O 1998 by American Welding Society. All ri
5、ghts reserved Printed in the United States of America This report is published as a service and convenience to the welding industry and is the product of an independent contractor (Biomedical Toxicology Associates) which is solely responsible for its contents. The materials in this report have not b
6、een independently reviewed or verified and are offered only as information. AWS assumes no responsibility for any claim that may arise from the use of this information. Users should make independent investigations to deter- mine the applicability of this information for their purposes. ii , Personne
7、l AWS Safety and Health Committee KA. Lyttle, Chair S. R. Fwre, 1st Vie Chair M. E. Wallace, 2nd Vie Chair S, i? Hedrick Secretary J. M. Antonini K Batacrofi R Berg K. L. Brown SEKane A. E Manz M. T. Neu R. J. Tucker *i+! J. Astlefod *O. J. Fisher *S. S. Glchtein *J. F. Hinrichs *R J. Simonton *D. H
8、. Slimy *R M. Tuggle *M. J. Vasquez *Advisor Praxair, Incorporated ESAB Welding and Cutting Products NOSH . American Welding Society NiOSH Florida Division of Safety Tower Automotive Products The Lincoln Electric Company Brookhaven National Laboratory A. E Manz Associates Caterpillar, incorporated D
9、alloz Safety Southwest Research Institute Consultant Westinghouse Ele.ctric Corporation The Welding-Link U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Army Center U.S. Department of Energy Equiva LLC iii Foreword (“his Foreword is not a part of Efecfs of Webfing on Health X, but is included for information purpose
10、s only.) This literature review was prepared for the Safety and Health Committee of the American Welding Society to provide an assessment of current information concerning the effects of welding on health, as well as to aid in the formulation and design of research projects in this area, as part of
11、an on going program sponsored by the Committee. Previous work con- sists of the reports Effects of Welding on Health I through IX each covering approximately 18 months to 2 years. Refer- enced materiais are available from: Biomedical Toxicology Associates 6184 Viewsite Drive Frederick, MD 21701 (301
12、) 662-0783 iv Comparative Listing-Welding Processes ExpZamired White blood cell Luteinizing hormone Messenger RNA (Messenger ribonucleic acid) Magnetic resonance imaging milliTesla National Institute for occupational Safety and Health occupational Exposure Lunit Odds ratio Occupational Safety and He
13、alth Administration Permissible Exposure Limit Polymorphonuclear leukocyte Proportional mortaiity ratio Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome Relative risk Apolipoprotein D . _. *Abbreviations for commonly used pulmonary fundion tests are found in Table 3. vi . SIR SCE SMAW SMR TLV m TWA UDS W VTG V
14、WF Standardized incident ratio Sister chromatid exchange Shielded metal arc welding Standardized mortality ratio Threshold Limit Value Tumor necrosis factor Tune-weighted average Unscheduled DNA synthesis Ultraviolet Volume of trapped gas Vibration-induced white fingers . vii Acknowledgments Funds f
15、or this project were provided by the American Welding Society. The American Welding Society gratehiiy acknowledges the financial support of the program by industry contnutions. Supporting Organizations ._ Air Products and Chemicals, incorporated Airw Welding Products AiiiiChalmers AUoy Rods Division
16、, The Chemetron Corporation AWS Demit Section AWS New Orleans Section Arcos Corporation The Binkley Company Caterpillar Tractor Company Chicago Bridge and Iron Company Grove Manufacturing Company, Division of Kidde, Incorporated General Electric Company The Heil Company Hobart Brothers Company INCO
17、Alloys International The Lincoln Electric Company Miller Manufacturing Company National-Standard Company A. O. Smith Corporation Teled yne-McKay, Incorporated Trinity Industries, Incorporated Truck Trailer Manufacturing Association Walker Stainless Equipment Company Weld Tooling Corporation Many oth
18、er organhtions have also made contnutions to support the ongoing program from May 1979 to the present viii Table of Contents Page No . . Personnel III Foreword iv Comparative Listing-Welding Processes . v Glossary . i vi Acknowledgments viii Introduction . 1 Executive Summary . 3 Technical Summary .
19、 7 Section One-The Exposure 1 . Fume Composition . 19 2.1 chromium . 20 2.2 Fluoride . 21 2.3 Nickel 21 2.4 Analysis of Metals in Biological Fluids . 21 2.5 Air Monitoring 22 3 . Workplace Exposures . 22 2 . Analytical Meth . 20 4 . Welding with Lasers . 23 4.1 Hazards Associated with Lasers . 3 5 .
20、 Electromagnetic Fields 6.1 Production Coatings 26 6 . incidental Exposures 26 6.2 Thermai Exposure . 27 7 . Hygiene and Work Practices . 27 7.1 Trahimg . 27 7.2 Ventilation 7.3 Protedive Gear and Equipment . 7.4 A the first covered the geo- metric mean for the U.S. population is 2.8 pg/dL. Manganes
21、e. To correlate manganese levels in blood and urine With occupational exposures, Jarvisalo et al. (Ref. 16 EFFECTS OF WELING ON HEALTH X 130) conducted studies with 15 male shipyard welders who performed SMAW of mild steel. A pr correlation was found between breathing zone measurements of manganese
22、and the levels of manganese in blood and urine. The investigators concluded that the measurement of manganese in urine or blood may be used for monitor- ing manganese exposure in gas metai arc welders only at the group level. Plutonium. The case of a 44-year-old male welder whose exposure to the alp
23、ha-emitter plutonium-239 (pu-239) was detected by routine monitoring of urine at a nuclear reactor fuel reprocessing facility was described by Hedge et al. (Ref. 107). The clearance of Pu-239 from the welders body was monitored by measuring radioac- tivity levels in urine and feces. The authors conc
24、luded that fecal excretion data can be used to estimate initial Pu-239 lung burdens following inhalation exposure. Biomarkers Genotoxicity. Knudsen et al. (Ref. 149) investigated the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromo- somal aberrations, and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in lymph
25、ocytes obtained from 127 Danish stain- less steel welders. The frequency of chromosomal aber- rations was higher and that of SCE was lower in stainless steel welders than in non-welders. Significant differences in the frequencies of UDS and SCE were seen only when nonsmoking welders were compared wi
26、th nonsmoking controls. Among non-smokers, the frequencies of both UDS and SCE were lower in welders than controls. Jelmert et al. (Ref. 131) found no increase in the number of SCE in either smoking or nonsmoking stainless steel welders compared with controls with the same smoking habits. A small in
27、crease in chromatid breaks and in the number of cells with chromosomal aberrations was noted in lymphocytes from the stainless steel welders but a positive correlation between chromosome aberrations and welding only showed up after they had welded stain- iess steel for at least 1 year. Costa et al.
28、(Refs. 50-52 and 259) found a significant increase in DNA-protein cross- links in peripheral white blood cells collected from 21 shielded metal arc welders who frequently used high manganese-nickel-chrome electrodes. Frenkel et al. (Ref. 77) tested whether the presence of antibodies to oxidized DNA
29、bases in the blood stream can serve as biomarkers of exposure to inflammatory metal particles. A positive correlation was found be- tween cadmium and nickel exposures and the titers of an- tibodies to an oxidized DNA base in blood cells from 31 workers exposed to cadmium and nickel at a Polish bat-
30、tery factory. However, there was only a nonsignificant increase in the concentration of antibodies to .oxidized DNA in blood from 27 American railroad track welders who were exposed to welding fumes containing manga- nese, nickel and chromium. Eair and Nails. Gorban et al. (Ref. 93) measured the man
31、ganese (Mn) content of hair from 228 welders who welded steel using electrodes with a high Mn content. The Mn content of hair samples collected from welders correlated positively with breathing zone welding fume concentrations. W-hen welders who stopped welding after the first tests were conducted w
32、ere retested 7 years later, the Mn content of their hair was indistinguishable from that of the controls. Nagra et al. (Ref. 187) compared the concentrations of 15 trace elements in hair and fingernail samples ob- tained from 50 industrial workers living in Hamilton and Toronto, Canada. Hair samples
33、 from the workers con- tained markedly higher levels of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Mo compared with values reported for the general population of the U.S.A., while the levels of all elements were higher in nail samples obtained from workers compared with the general Canadian population. Investigations in Anima
34、ls and Cell Cultures Fertiliy Ernst and Bonde (Ref. 67) exposed rats 5 daydweek for 8 weeks to Na2Cr04 Cr(V). In rats examined im- mediately after the 8-week exposure period, there was a significant reduction in the number of motile sperm and serum testosterone levels. Concentrations of LH and FSH w
35、ere significantly increased in serum. Ail of the sperm parameters and most of the hormone levels were normal at the end of an 8-week treatment-free recovery period, indicating that the effects of Cr(VI) on the male rat reproductive system are reversible. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fetal De
36、velopment Kowalczuk et al. (Ref. 152) exposed pregnant mice to levels of electromagnetic radiation that could be experi- enced by arc welders. Exposure to EMFs had no effect on survival rates of fetuses and did not cause external in- ternal, or skeletal abnormalities. 17 EFFECTS OF WELDING ON HEALTH
37、 X Metal Fume Fever Gordon et al. found that exposure to 5 mg/m3 ultrafine zinc oxide particles for up to 3 hours caused acute in- flammatory changes in the lungs of guinea pigs and rats, but not rabbits (Ref. 94). Indicators of acute inflamma- tory changes in the lung were elevated in BAL fluid fro
38、m guinea pigs and rats but not rabbits. The differences in response among the three species were attributed to the fraction of the inhaled zinc oxide that was retained in the lungs. Antioxidants Geleskul et al. (Ref. 85) showed that intratracheal in- stillation of welding fumes can result in peroxid
39、ation of lipids in the lungs and liver. Treatment with antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, C, and E) before or after adminis- tration of welding fumes markedly inhibited the oxida- tion of lipids (Refs. 79 and 80). In Vo Studies Feren et al. (Ref. 69) showed that welding fume parti- cles were more cyt
40、otoxic to cultured epithelial cells than were nickel subsulfide particles. They attributed the dif- ferences to the soluble chromates released from welding fumes. Otmane et al. (Ref. 194) found that fume particu- lates generated by SMAW of stainless steel were more cytotoxic to guinea pig alveolar m
41、acrophages than were fumes from GMAW of stainless steel or GMAW of cast iron using a pure nickel welding electrode. These differ- ences were attributed to the soluble hexavalent chro- mium component of the fumes. Gene Expression Three investigations determined quantities of specific mRNAs as a measu
42、re of the induction of the synthesis of specific proteins in the lung by emissions from welding processes. In the first study, conducted by Wiethege (Ref. 22), rat alveolar macrophages were incubated in vitro with quartz dust, welding fumes, and crocidolite as- bestos. Macrophages stimulated by quar
43、tz dust showed the highest rate of expression of TNF mRNA, followed by welding dust, then crocidolite. A similar study by Os- sege et ai. (Ref. 193) showed that crocidolite, quartz and welding fumes can induce the synthesis of alpha-2-mac- roglobulin by isolated rat alveolar macrophages. In the thir
44、d study, Cosma et al. (Ref. 49) exposed rats by inha- lation for 3 hours to zinc oxide particles and for 6 hours to ppm ozone. Zinc oxide fume caused substantial in- creases in the mRNAs specific for metallothionein and heme oxygenase. In contrast, ozone caused no increase in the mRNA for either enzyme. 18
