1、AWS F1.6:2017An American National StandardGuide forEstimating WeldingEmissions for EPAand VentilationPermit ReportingAWS F1.6:2017An American National StandardApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteAugust 18, 2017Guide for EstimatingWelding Emissions for EPAand Ventilation Permit Reporting2
2、nd EditionSupersedes AWS F1.6:2003Prepared by theAWS Project Committee on Fumes and GasesUnder the Direction of theAWS Committee on Safety and HealthApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document assists companies in estimating emissions from welding processes for EPA reporting purposes
3、by choosingthe simplest applicable method and following its steps. Example calculations are included.iiAWS F1.6:2017ISBN: 978-0-87171-924-9 2017 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, store
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5、nal classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS F1.6:2017Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Sta
6、ndardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American
7、National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmentalbodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust b
8、e approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those lawsand regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokesthe AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, chan
9、ges in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consens
10、us. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to pe
11、rsons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any inf
12、ormation publishedherein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents sh
13、ould rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and compete
14、nt personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amendmentsor errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includingamendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS w
15、eb page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they havethe latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name ite
16、ms. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of thi
17、s standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex B). Withregard to technical
18、 inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. Theseopinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice.Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals givin
19、g them. These individuals do notspeak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS.In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision a
20、t any time by the AWS Committee on Safety and Health. It must be reviewed everyfive years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or dele-tions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should
21、be addressed to AWSHeadquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Committee on Safety and Health and theauthor of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend allmeetings of the AWS Committee on Safety and Health to
22、 express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of anadverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical ActivitiesCommittee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami,FL 33166.This p
23、age is intentionally blank.ivAWS F1.6:2017vAWS F1.6:2017PersonnelAWS Safety and Health CommitteeD. E. Clark, Chair ConsultantD. Werba, Vice Chair Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyS. R. Fiore Hobart Brothers CompanyS. L. Foxworth ESAB Welding and C
24、utting ProductsM. Haaksma Orange County Ironworks, LLCK. A. Lyttle ConsultantA. F. Manz A. F. Manz AssociatesK. M. Merlo-Joseph Apeks SupercriticalJ. Petkovsek The Lincoln Electric CompanyR. M Santasiero NJCTTCS. Solomon Extruflex North AmericaAdvisors to the Safety and Health CommitteeT. M. Donovan
25、 Sheet Metal Workers Local #265S. E. Ferree ConsultantD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. G. Harvey Hobart Brothers CompanyA. Hudson Hobart Brothers CompanyJ. D. Jennings Expert ServicesT. Lyon ConsultantD. H. Sliney ConsultantR. J. Tucker ConsultantAWS Subcommittee on Fumes and GasesK. A. Lyt
26、tle, Chair ConsultantS. R. Fiore, Vice Chair Hobart Brothers CompanyS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. N. Dunbar The Lincoln Electric CompanyD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric CompanyS. L. Foxworth ESAB Welding and Cutting ProductsA. Hilbert Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyJ. Hutc
27、hins Ohio BWC/Safety and HygieneM. Merlo RevWires LLCK. M. Merlo-Joseph Apeks SupercriticalJ. J. Palach Pal-Tech Consulting ServicesJ. Petkovsek The Lincoln Electric CompanyT. P. Rosiek Nederman USA, IncorporatedviAWS F1.6:2017Advisors to the Subcommittee on Fumes and GasesM. Amata Hobart Brothers C
28、ompanyH. R. Castner Edison Welding InstituteD. E. Clark ConsultantW. H. Drake S. W. Missouri State UniversityT. J. Eckardt Select-Arc IncorporatedS. E. Ferree ConsultantviiAWS F1.6:2017ForewordThis foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.This document or
29、iginated with the AWS Safety and Health Subcommittee for Fumes and Gases, with assistance frommanufacturers and users of welding equipment and consumables. It is intended as a guide that will assist companies inestimating emissions from welding processes for EPA reporting purposes. This is the secon
30、d edition of this specifica-tion. Editorial changes were made to the Scope (Clause 1). A significant change in this edition is the addition of plasmaarc cutting fume characterization and fume generation rate data. Substantive changes in text are indicated by a verticalmargin line.Comments and sugges
31、tions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS F1.6:2017ixAWS F1.6:2017Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiL
32、ist of Tables.x1. Scope and General Provisions .11.1 Scope.11.2 Safety 12. Referenced Documents.13. Estimating Emissions .13.1 Considerations in Estimating Emissions.13.2 Emissions Calculations .23.3 Methods for Estimating Emission Factors23.4 Emissions from Plasma Arc Cutting (PAC)4Annex A (Informa
33、tive)Typical Emission Factors for Total Fume and Elemental Fume Content 7Annex B (Informative)Requesting an Official Interpretation on an AWS Standard 9xAWS F1.6:2017List of TablesTable Page No.1 Process-Based Emission Factors Estimates32 Plasma Arc Cutting Emission Factors 5AWS F1.6:20171Guide for
34、Estimating Welding Emissionsfor EPA and Ventilation Permit Reporting1. Scope and General Provisions1.1 Scope. This guide outlines four methods of estimating airborne emissions from the arc welding process. This docu-ment does not cover disposal of collected wastes from the welding process, including
35、 collected welding fume. Emissionsfrom sources other than the welding consumable (such as zinc oxide from galvanized material) cannot be estimatedbased upon process or consumable data alone and should be addressed by onsite testing (see 3.3.4). These estimates donot consider gaseous emissions that m
36、ay be present in welding such as ozone, carbon dioxide, argon, oxides of nitrogen,or other gases.This standard makes sole use of U.S. Customary Units. Approximate mathematical equivalents in the International Sys-tem of Units (SI) are provided for comparison in parentheses or in appropriate columns
37、in tables and figures.1.2 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressedherein.Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pr
38、ocesses(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in
39、 accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should estab
40、lish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.2. Referenced Documents(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) The Plain English Guide to the C
41、lean Air Act, EPA-456/K-07-001, April 2007.3. Estimating Emissions3.1 Considerations in Estimating Emissions. Welding fume particulates are essentially submicron in size and are con-sidered to be in the PM-10 classification (particles less than or equal to 10 m aerodynamic diameter size range, asdef
42、ined in The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, EPA-456/K-07-001, April 2007). Frequently, calculated totalemissions from welding operations are below applicable reporting threshold values and therefore estimating the amountAWS F1.6:20172of components of this total may not be required. Because
43、 of this, process-based estimates can be used for most reportingwithout significant impact on operations. Thus, useful estimates can be obtained without extensive research, calculationsor testing.The calculation for the process-based estimate is simple and straightforward. If a more precise estimate
44、 is desired, theother methods discussed in 3.3 offer alternatives. As each method increases in precision, so do the complexity, time, andcost for estimation increase. It is best to start with the easiest method first and see if it meets the stated need.Emissions from sources other than the welding c
45、onsumable (such as zinc oxide fume from welding galvanized material)are not included in estimates from Method 1, 2, or 3. Estimates for emissions from welding where individual constituentsare required to be reported should start with Method 2 under 3.3.Emissions from plasma arc cutting are discussed
46、 in 3.4.3.1.1 Reporting Requirements for the Components of the Welding Fume. Estimating the amounts of the com-ponents of welding fume may not be necessary for reporting, even though the fume may contain materials listed as“Hazardous Air Pollutants” by the EPA see Clause 2(2). Refer to local regulat
47、ions to determine the applicable thresh-old levels for total emissions or emissions of component materials. Though local regulations vary, if the calculated totalemissions from the facility (welding and nonwelding related) are less than the reporting threshold values, estimating theamount of the com
48、ponents of this total may not be required.See the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the welding consumable to determine the reasonable expected components of thefume. If individual component reporting thresholds are higher than the total emissions estimated, then further calcula-tions may not be required.
49、If reporting is required for the components, estimate the emissions factor by electrode specific method outlined in 3.3.2.Generally, only certain elements are required to be reported. Reportable elements found in some common welding pro-cesses include manganese, chromium, nickel, and copper.3.2 Emissions Calculations. Each method starts with the equation below. Assuming that all of the welding fume isexhausted from the building by ventilation, the total emissions (in pounds or kilograms of welding fume) can be deter-mined by multiplying the total amount of welding cons
