1、AWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012An American National StandardGuide for theFusionWeldingof Zirconium andZirconium AlloysAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJanuary 17, 2012Guide for the Fusion Welding ofZirconium and Zirconium Alloys1st EditionPrepar
2、ed by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) G2 Committee on Joining Metals and AlloysUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThe standard Guide for the Fusion Welding of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys provides instructional guidance for th
3、ewelding of zirconium and zirconium alloys. This guide explains processes, equipment, materials, workshop practices,joint preparation, welding techniques, tests, and the repair of defects.iiAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-802-0American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeu
4、ne Road, Miami, FL 33126 2012 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, wi
5、thout the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate
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7、he AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or stat
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16、ion, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product
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18、eb page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical
19、 Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex D).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professio
20、naladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should
21、not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and Alloys. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, o
22、r deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committee on JoiningMetals and Alloys and the author of the comments will be informed of the Commi
23、ttees response to the comments.Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and Alloys to express theircomments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in theRules of Operation of the Technical Activities
24、 Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012vAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012PersonnelAWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and AlloysF. S. Babish, Chair Sandvik Materials TechnologyJ
25、. C. Monsees, Vice Chair Hi-Tech Welding therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values inany way when referring to filler metal properties. In selecting rational metric units, the Metric Practice Guide for theWelding Industry (AWS A1.1) and International St
26、andard ISO 544, Welding consumables Technical delivery conditionsfor welding filler metals Type of product, dimensions, tolerances and markings, are used where suitable. Tables andfigures make use of both U.S. Customary and SI Units, which with the application of the specified tolerances, providesfo
27、r interchangeability of products in both the U.S. Customary and SI Units.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and Alloys, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL33126.This
28、 page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012ixAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiList of TablesxiList of Figuresxi1. General Requirements 11.1 Scope11.2 Units of Measure11.3 Safety .12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions .24. Introduction .34.1 El
29、ements that Influence Zirconium Weld Integrity .34.2 Zirconium Metallurgy34.3 Zirconium Weld Discontinuities45. Arc Welding Processes 45.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW).45.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).45.3 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) 46. Equipment56.1 Power Source .56.2 Welding Torch56.3 Tungsten E
30、lectrodes.67. Materials 67.1 Base Metals67.2 Filler Metals.87.3 Procedure Qualification .88. Workshop Practice 88.1 Workshop Layout.88.2 Material Identification and Storage .98.3 Inert Gas Protection .98.4 Inert Gas Distribution 98.5 In-Chamber Welding .108.6 Open Air Welding118.7 Shielding Gases .1
31、38.8 Argon Safety149. Joint Preparation.149.1 Joint Design .149.2 Cutting .159.3 Preliminary Preparation.169.4 Final Cleaning for Welding .169.5 Fitup and Tack Welding.17xPage No.AWS G2.5/G2.5M:201210. Welding Technique 1710.1 Welding Parameters .1710.2 Preheating 1810.3 Filler Metal Practice 1810.4
32、 Starting and Stopping the Arc1810.5 Electrode Practice 1810.6 Wire Feeding1810.7 Interpass Cleaning .1810.8 Interpass Temperatures 1911. In-Process Weld Quality Tests1911.1 Visual Inspection .1911.2 Dew Point Testing1911.3 Bend Testing 2111.4 Hardness Testing2112. Nondestructive Test .2112.1 Radiog
33、raphy.2112.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing2212.3 Ultrasonic Inspection.2213. Mandatory Heat Treatment of Zirconium Grade 705 .2214. Repair of Defects .2214.1 Fabrication Defects2214.2 Repairs Following Service Failures.2314.3 Porosity2314.4 Filler Metals for Welding Zirconium Alloy Metal Joints23Annex A
34、(Informative)Requirements of Base Metals25Annex B (Informative)Requirements of Filler Metals .27Annex C (Informative)Informative References29Annex D (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.31List of AWS Documents on Joining Metals and Alloys.33xiAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012List of
35、TablesTable Page No.1 General Electrode Amperage Guidelines .72 ASTM/ASME Specifications for Product Forms .73 Recommended Shielding Gas Purity and Dew Point .94 Typical Joint Designs155 Typical Parameters for GTAW of Zirconium176 Surface Color in Zirconium Welds .207 Bend Test Requirements for Zirc
36、onium Alloys 21A.1 Chemical Composition Requirements of Base Metals .25A.2 Tensile Strength Requirements of Base Metals 26B.1 Chemical Composition Requirements of Filler MetalsWeight Percent27List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Large Diameter Gas Cup and Lens for Zirconium Welding.52 Tungsten Electrode
37、Tip Shape 63 Rigid and Collapsible Plastic Chambers Purged with Argon .104 Typical Trailing Shield Design .125 Examples of Back-Up Shields for Manual GTAW .136 Color Sequence in Zirconium .20This page is intentionally blank.xiiAWS G2.5/G2.5M:2012AWS G2.5/G2.5M:20121Guide for the Fusion Weldingof Zir
38、conium and Zirconium Alloys1. General Requirements1.1 Scope. This guide provides information on welding processes and procedures that are recommended for use in zirco-nium fabrication. The document presents detailed and up-to-date technical information on the “best practices” to allowfirst time user
39、s of zirconium as well as established fabricators to join zirconium parts into high quality components.1.2 Units of Measure. This standard makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI).The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables an
40、d figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health infor-mation is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein. Safety
41、and health information is available from thefollowing sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safet
42、y Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may ca
43、use injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when
44、developing the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe standards listed below contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute mandatory provisions of thisAWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subseq
45、uent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.AWS G2.5/G2.5M:20122American Welding Society (AWS) standard:1AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal SprayingAmerican Na
46、tional Standards Institute (ANSI) standard:2ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Practices3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, provides the basis f
47、or terminology used herein. However, the following termsand definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.alpha grades or alloys. The alpha () grades or alloys are generally weldable and nonheat treatable. They are materialswith relatively large amounts of alpha stabi
48、lizers and low concentrations of beta () stabilizers. They are sometimesreferred to as having predominantly an alpha phase. A common alpha alloy is commercially pure (CP) zirconium.allotrope. An allotrope is a structurally different form of an element; graphite and diamonds are allotropes of carbon.
49、 Ascan be seen with the example of carbon allotropes, certain physical properties can vary dramatically from allotrope toallotrope. Alpha and beta allotropes of zirconium have very different properties. Alpha and beta allotropes are alsoreferred to as phases.alpha phase. The low-temperature allotrope of zirconium with a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure.alpha stabilizer. An alloying element that dissolves preferentially in the alpha phase and raises the alpha-beta transfor-mation temperature. Typical alpha stabilizers, such as aluminum, oxygen, tin, and nitrogen, in
