1、Safety and He Fact Sheets Third Edition !alth Key Words-Safety, health, fact sheets, fire, noise fumes, gases, electrical, training, equipment, practices, Safety and Health Fact Sheets Third Edition Prepared by AWS Project Committee on Labeling and Safe Practices Under the Direction of AWS Committee
2、 on Safety and Health Abstract This document brings together 25 individual Safety and Health Fact Sheets dealing with many aspects of safety and health applicable to all welding, cutting, and related processes. Subjects such as fumes and gases, radiation, noise and electrical hazards, in addition to
3、 hazards faced by welders such as mechanical hazards and falling objects, and sources of additional information for each sheet are included. American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 International Standard Book Number: 0-87 17 1-7 14-X American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Le
4、Jeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 O 2003 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This document is published as a service and convenience to the welding industry. The materials in this document have not been independently reviewed or verified and are offere
5、d only as information. AWS assumes no responsibility for any claim that may arise from the use of this information. Users should make independent investigations to determine the applicability of this information for their purposes. I Personnel AWS Safety and Health Committee S. R. Fiore, Chair D. E.
6、 Clark, Ist Vice Chair S. P. Hedrick, Secretary J. M. Antonini K. Bancroft K. L. Brown C. W. Dufield J. D. Jennings S. F. Kane K. A. Lyttle A. F. Mum *O. J. Fisher *J. F. Hinrichs *M. T. Neu *R. J. Simonton *D. H, Sliney *R. J. Tucker, *R. M. Tuggle *M. E. Wallace A. F. Manz, Chair S. P. Hedrick, Se
7、cretary W. D. Beisner K. L. Brown J. W. Dimler J. L. Hege J. E. Hernandez S. R. Jana J. D. Jennings C. W. Pliilp J. O. Reynolds M. P. Snyder A. B. Spencer *D. G. Anderson *G. C. Barnes *D. Diaz *J. C. Steinmetz Edison Welding Institute Idaho National Engineering Laboratory American Welding Society N
8、IOSH Consultant The Lincoln Electric Company U.S. Geological Survey Miller Electric Manufacturing Company Brookhaven National Laboratory Praxair, Incorporated A. E. Manz Associates Consultant Friction Stir Link, Incorporated Caterpillar, Incorporated Sandia National Laboratories U.S. Army Center Con
9、sultant U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Public Health Service Committee on Labeling and Safe Practices A. F. Manz Associates American Welding Society Thermal Arc The Lincoln Electric Company JWD Associates Grove Worldwide Navy Environmental Health Center ESAB Welding and Cutting Products Miller Elect
10、ric Mfg. Company Consultant Miller Electric Mfg. Company Mine Safety and Health Administration National Fire Protection Association Retired Consultant ETMS Marine Technology Services *Advisor Foreword The AWS Safety and Health Committee was established to aid the welding industry in maintaining a sa
11、fe and healthful working environment. It is responsible for preparing documents, including standards and recommended practices, that address all health and safety aspects of the welders environment. Its members represent many facets of the industrial community: safety professionals, industrial hygie
12、nists, medical doctors, and welding engineers. The First Edition of the Safety and Health Fact Sheets, published in 1990, brought together 13 Fact Sheets, each dealing with a safety and health topic, that were developed over several years by the AWS Committee on Labeling and Safe Practices, a projec
13、t committee of the AWS Safety and Health Committee. Some of the Fact Sheets were previously published in the Welding Journal. The Second Edition added seven new Fact Sheets and included revised, updated versions of the original 13 Fact Sheets. The Third Edition added five new Fact Sheets and include
14、s revised versions of several Second Edition Fact Sheets. The Fact Sheets are intended for use in the preparation of standards and other documents where safety and health information is required. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this document are welcome. They should be sent to the Se
15、cretary, Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Safety and Health Fact Sheets O 2003 American Welding Society Fact Sheet No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Contents Title Fumes and Gases Radiation Noise Chromi
16、um and Nickel in Welding Fume Electrical Hazards Fire and Explosion Prevention Bum Protection Mechanical Hazards Tripping and Falling Falling Objects Confined Spaces Contact Lens Wear Ergonomics in the Welding Environment Graphic Symbols for Precautionary Labels Style Guidelines for Safety and Healt
17、h Documents Pacemakers and Welding Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) LockoutTagout Laser Welding and Cutting Safety Thermal Spraying Safety Resistance Spot Welding Cadmium Exposure from Welding g Journal 58(37-46): 1979. Page 2 Fact Sheet No. 2 - 3/97 National Technical Information Service. Evaluat
18、ion of the potential hazards from actinic ultraviolet radiation generated by electric welding and cutting arcs, Nonionizing Radiation Protection Special Study No. 42-0053-77. Springfieid, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. . Evaluation of the potential retinal hazards from optical rad
19、iation generated by electric welding and cutting arcs, Nonionizing Radiation Protection Special Study No. 42-031 2-77. Springfield, Virginia: National Tec hnical I nfo r mati o n Servi ce. Sliney, D. H., and Freasier, B. C. “Evaluation of Optical Radiation Hazards,” Applied Optics, Vol.12, pp, 1-24,
20、 January 1973. Naidoff, M. A., and Sliney, D. H. “Retinal Injury From A Welding Arc,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vo1.77, No. 5, pp, 663-668, May 1974. Mine Safety And Health Administration (MSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources, Parts 1-1 99, available from Superinte
21、ndent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. American Welding Society (AWS). Ultravio- let Reflectance of Paint, URL, available from American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Fact Sheet No. 2 - 3/97 Page 3 Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 3 19% A
22、mencan Welding Society September 1995 NOISE a INTRO DUCT1 ON In welding, cutting, and allied operations, noise may result from the process, the power source, or other equipment. Air carbon arc cutting and plasma arc cutting are examples of processes which are frequently noisy. Engine-driven generato
23、rs may also be quite noisy. Excessive noise is a known health hazard. DE FIN IT1 ON Scientifically, noise is composed of several frequencies and involves random changes in frequency or amplitude. Sound waves are produced when the air is mechanically disturbed. Sound is measured by its frequency (pit
24、ch-high or low) and intensity (loudness). Practically, noise is unwanted or unpleasant sound. It can get in the way of the sounds we would rather hear and often need to hear for safety reasons. EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE TO NOISE O o O o O Faci Loss of hearing that may be either full or partial and eit
25、her temporary or permanent. Hearing loss may be a temporary threshold shift from which the ears may recover if removed from the noise source. Creates stress that can affect your physical and mental well-being. Causes accidents when you cannot hear instructions or warning signals. If a person is expo
26、sed to this same noise level for a longer time, the loss of hearing may become permanent. Sheet No. 3 - 9/95 The time required to develop permanent hearing loss depends on individual sus- ceptibility, noise level, and exposure du rat ion. There is evidence that excessive noise affects other bodily f
27、unctions and behavior as well. HOW TO PROTECT AGAINST NOISE Reduce the intensity of the source. Shield the source where practical. Use engineering control methods, such as room acoustics, to control noise. If engineering methods fail to reduce noise to acceptable levels, wear approved personal prote
28、ctive devices such as ear muffs or ear plugs appropriate for the situation. Follow OSHA regulations which require a Hearing Conservation Program if noise levels reach 85 dB on an 8-hour, Time Weighted Average (TWA) basis. If noise level is questionable, have a certified safety specialist or Industri
29、al Hygienist take measurements and make recommendations. INFORMATION SOURCES Occupational Safety and Health Administra- tion (OSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Chapter XVII, Part 1901 .I to 191 0.1 450, Order No. 869-01 9-001 11 -5, available from Superintendent of Docu- ments, US.
30、 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists publication, Threshold Page 1 Limit Values (TLVB) for Chemical Sub- stances and Physical Agents in the Work- room Environment, available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy
31、gienists (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240. ANSI F6.1-78(R1988). Method for Sound Level Measurement of Manual Arc Welding and Cutting Processes, available from American Welding Society, 550 N.W. Le- Jeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 331 35. Mine Safety And Health Admi
32、nistration (MSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources, Parts 1-1 99, available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. TLV is a registered trademark of the ACGIH. Page 2 Fact Sheet No. 3 - 9/95 Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 4 2
33、002 Amencan Welding Soaely January 2002 Cr Ni CHROMIUM AND NICKEL IN WELDING FUME INTRO DU CTION The fume from welding processes may contain compounds of chromium, including hexavalent chromium, and of nickel. The composition of the base metals, the welding materials used, and the welding processes
34、affect the specific compounds and concen- trations found in the welding fume. IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF OVER- EXPOSURE TO FUMES CONTAINING CHROMIUM AND NICKEL Similar to the effects produced by fumes from other metals. Cause symptoms such as nausea, head- aches, dizziness, and respiratory irritation. Alt
35、hough some persons may develop a sensitivity to chromium or nickel, which can result in dermatitis or skin rash, there is no evidence in the literature of such sensitivity when exposed to welding.furne. CHRONIC (LONG TERM) EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO FUMES CONTAINING CHROMIUM AND NICKEL Definite effects
36、are not yet determined The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) concluded that some forms of hexavalent chromium and nickel and their inorganic compounds should be considered occupational carcin- ogens (cancer-causing agents). NIOSH Criteria Documents 76-129 and 77-1 64 (lis
37、ted in Information Sources) contain these conclusions based on data Fact Sheet No. 4 - 1/02 from the chromate producing industry and from nickel ore-refining processes. Conclusions from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC Group 2B): (1) there is limited evidence in humans for the c
38、arcinogenicity of welding fumes, and (2) there is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenic- ity of welding fumes. (The IARC classifica- tion 2B means that the agent is possiblv carcinogenic to humans. By contrast, a 2A designation would mean that the agent is probablv carcino
39、genic to humans.) OVERALL EVALUATION Welding fumes containing chromium and nickel are possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, NIOSH). No determination has yet been made concerning the chronic health effects on welders or users of chromium- or nickel- con ta ning al lo ys . Nevertheless, give consider
40、ation to the NIOSH and IARC conclusions. HOW TO PROTECT AGAINST OVER- EXPOSURE Do not breathe fumes and gases. Keep your head out of the fumes. Use enough ventilation or exhaust at the arc or both to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and general area. If ventilation is questionable, use
41、air sampling to determine the need for corrective measures. Keep exposure as low as possible. Page 1 INFORMATION SOURCES National institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard - Occupational Exposure to Chromium (VI), NIOSH Publication No. 76-1 29. Cincinnati, Ohi
42、o: National institute for Occupational Safety and Health. National institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard - Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Nickel (Vi), NIOSH Publication No. 77-1 65. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healt
43、h. American Welding Society (AWS) Study. Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environ- ment, available from American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33136. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values (TLVB) for Chemical Sub- stances and Physi
44、cal Agents in the Work- room Environment, available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240. Occupational Safety and Health Administra- tion (OSHA). Code Of Federal Regula- tions,Title 29 Labor, Chapter XVII, Parts 1901.1
45、 to 1910.1450, Order No. 869-01 9-001 11 -5, available from Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371 954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices,
46、Sixth Edition, available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). /ARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hu- mans-Chromium, Nickel, and Welding, Vol.
47、 49 (1990), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 10016. The following references include the specific precautionary methods used to protect against exposure to fumes and gases: American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, 249.1, available from Amer
48、ican Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33136. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Code Of Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources, Parts 1-199, avail- able from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371 954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250. Pag
49、e 2 Fact Sheet No. 4 - 1/02 Safety and Health Fact Sheet No. 5 March 1997 1995 American Welding Society I ELECTRICAL HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Electric shock from welding and cutting equipment can kill, cause severe burns, and cause serious injury if falling happens because of the shock. The electrode and work circuit are electrically energized when the output is on. The input power circuit and machine internal circuits are also electrically energized when the power is on. When wire welding, the wire, wire reel, drive rolls, and all other metal parts touching the wire are electrically
