1、Ideal crop marks Dedicated to the Worlds Most Important Resource Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook Second Edition John Civardi Mark Tompeck 20440-2E (10/15) IW Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA
2、members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. www.awwa.org High levels of iron and manganese can cause adverse e ects on water at the tap and subsequent customer dissatisfaction. The metals can be found in both g
3、roundwater and surface water supplies and can produce unpleasant tastes, odors, and staining. The Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook provides details on how to control and treat these pesky contaminants before they reach the tap. This second edition keeps the same focus on practical application and
4、 experience but incorporates advances in treatment technology, new regulations, and changes in the environment. More detail is devoted to the selection and design of the treatment process as well as sustainability. The book is a useful reference tool for operators, managers, engineers, and designers
5、. Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook, Second Edition Cover12.48x9.indd 1 9/25/2015 7:59:01 AM Blank PageIron and Manganese Removal Handbook Second Edition Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook, Second Edition Copyright 1999, 2015 Am
6、erican Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for revie
7、w purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer This book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the publishers, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other professional services. The publishers, editors, an
8、d authors make no claim as to the accu- racy of the books contents, or their applicability to any particular circumstance, and accept no liability to any person for the information provided in this program, or for the loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. Th
9、e reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. AWWA Senior Manager of Editorial Development and Production: Gay Porter De Nileon AWWA Senior Production Editor:
10、Cheryl Armstrong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Civardi, John, author.Iron and manganese removal handbook / by John Civardi and Mark Tompeck. - Sec- ond edition.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-1-58321-985-01. Water-Purification-Iron removal-Handbooks, manuals
11、, etc. 2. Water-Purification- -Manganese removal-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Tompeck, Mark, author. II. Title. TD466.C58 2015628.168-dc232015033293 Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-58321-985-0 eISBN: 978-1-61300-263-6 6666 W. Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 800.926.7337 www.aw
12、wa.org Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Contents Figures .vii Tables ix Acknowledgments. xi Foreword. xiii Preface .xv IN T R O D U C T I O N 1 1 A S S E S S IN G T H E P R O B L EM 5 Sources of Iron and Manganese.5 Groundwater Sources 6 Surface Water Sources7
13、 Health Effects 9 Regulatory Standards .11 2 SU S T A IN A B IL I T Y A N D EN G IN EER IN G DE S I G N 1 3 An Indefinite Definition .14 Importance of the Sustainable Approach.15 How Is Sustainability Measured? 16 Core Sustainability Factors .20 Sustainable Iron and Manganese Removal .21 Looking Ahe
14、ad 23 3 B A S I C CH EM I S T R Y 2 5 Chemical Symbols, Common Formulas .25 Ionization 26 pH Value .27 Chemical Forms of Iron and Manganese.29 Organic Chemistry .31 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook 4 O V ER V IE W O F T R E A
15、 T M EN T T E CH N O L O G IE S 3 5 Overview of Technologies 37 Sequestration38 Oxidation, Clarification, Filtration .38 Oxidation, Manganese DioxideCoated Media Filtration38 Oxidation, Membrane Filtration .39 Biological Filtration.40 Residuals .40 Evaluation and Selection Criteria for Optimum Treat
16、ment.41 Treatment System Design Elements and Work Flow 42 Summary 45 5 O X ID A T I O N 4 7 pH Adjustment and Reaction Time 48 Aeration .51 Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Permanganate .56 Chlorine Dioxide (ClO 2 ).60 Ozone .61 Testing
17、Equipment .62 Te s t K i t s . 64 Methods of Testing for Soluble Metals 64 Testing Oxidation Efficiency 66 Testing for Chemical Oxidant Demand .68 Summary 71 6 CL A R IF I C A T I O N 7 3 Benefits of Clarification .73 Clarification Fundamentals.74 Sustainability .84 7 F IL T R A T I O N 8 5 Filtrati
18、on Selection .85 Manganese Greensand 89 Manganese DioxideCoated Sand .95 Manganese Dioxide Ore (Pyrolusite) .98 Other Forms of Hybrid Media .100 Biofiltration103 Ion Exchange 112 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Membranes 113 Sustainability 114 8 R E S ID U A L
19、S 1 1 7 Source Water Quality 118 Treatment Processes .119 Local and Regulatory Issues .122 Residuals-Handling Options.123 Sustainability 131 9 D I S T R IB U T I O N S Y S T EM W A T ER Q U A L I T Y 1 3 3 Importance of Discolored Water to Operations.133 Scale Formation and Structure .135 Water Qual
20、ity Factors 137 Implementing Solutions to Address Discolored Water141 Sustainability 146 10 C A S E S T U D IE S 1 4 9 Case Study No. 1: Springfield Well Field .149 Case Study No. 2: City of Tallahassee Well No. 26 154 Case Study No. 3: Runyon Water Treatment Plant Upgrade.163 Case Study No. 4: Unit
21、ed WaterWyandotte WTP 170 G L O S S A R Y 1 7 5 R EF ER EN CE S 1 8 7 A P P EN D I X A : P IL O T S T U D IE S 1 9 3 A P P EN D I X B : C A L C U L A T I O N T O O L S 2 0 1 IN DE X 2 0 7 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Copyright 2015 American Water Works Associa
22、tion. All Rights Reserved.vii Figures Figure 2-1 Sustainable design for chlorination station 23 Figure 3-1 pH scale 29 Figure 4-1 Technologies for iron and manganese removal .36 Figure 5-1 Cascading aerator.52 Figure 5-2 Porous-tube pressure aerator. 53 Figure 5-3 Potassium permanganate preparation
23、and dosing systems 57 Figure 5-4 Increase in solubility of KMnO 4with increased temperature .59 Figure 5-5 Chlorine dioxide generator61 Figure 5-6 Dissolved metal analysis by membrane filtration .67 Figure 6-1 Fluid mechanics of particle settling .75 Figure 6-2 Plan and section of a plate settler .7
24、9 Figure 6-3 Solids-contact clarifier .81 Figure 6-4 Typical dissolved air flotation process .82 Figure 6-5 Ballasted flocculation system 83 Figure 7-1a Groundwater decision tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 7-1b Surface water decision tree .87 Figure 7-2 Vertical pressu
25、re filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 7-3 Horizontal pressure filter .88 Figure 7-4 Schematic of biofiltration system 103 Figure 7-5 Relationship between media, biofilm, and trapped solids .104 Figure 7-6 Field of pH and redox potential activity of iron bacteria 1
26、06 Figure 7-7 Typical biological iron removal process .107 Figure 7-8 Biological removal of iron and manganese .110 Figure 7-9 Zeolite softening schematic 113 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook Figure 8-1 Residuals generated
27、from iron and manganese removal processes 119 Figure 8-2 Typical batch-settling tank.127 Figure 8-3 Centrifuge for dewatering iron and manganese residuals .130 Figure 9-1a Unlined cast-iron piping .132 Figure 9-1b Lined cast-iron piping 134 Figure 9-2 Schematic of scale formation in unlined cast-iro
28、n piping.136 Figure 9-3 Interacting processes and impacts140 Figure 9-4 Schematic of NO-DES process144 Figure 10-1 Perth Amboy Runyon Water Treatment Facility 164 Figure 10-2 Wyandotte Water Treatment Plant.174 Figure B-1 Geometric formulas 205 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Ri
29、ghts Reserved.ix Tables Table 2-1 Envision credit list18 Table 3-1 Ionization and pH value .28 Table 4-1 Qualitative ranking matrix for determining suitability of an iron and manganese removal system .42 Table 5-1 Chemicals, reaction formula, and dosage needed to remove iron and manganese 49 Table 5
30、-2 Summary of iron oxidation reactions .50 Table 5-3 Summary of manganese oxidation reactions 51 Table 6-1 Concept behind plate and tube technology .78 Table 7-1 Typical manganese greensand design criteria91 Table 7-2 Typical manganese dioxidecoated sand design criteria .96 Table 7-3 Typical mangane
31、se dioxide ore (pyrolusite) design criteria .99 Table 7-4 Typical biological iron and manganese filtration design criteria 111 Table 10-1 Design and selection summary for case studies .150 Table 10-2 Composite raw water quality for NJAW well supply .151 Table 10-3 Finished water quality goals for Sp
32、ringfield Water Treatment Plant .151 Table 10-4 Greensand system characteristics summary153 Table 10-5 Backwash cycle summary .154 Table 10-6 Raw water quality at Well No. 26 .156 Table 10-7 Treated water quality goals at Well No. 26 157 Table 10-8 Pilot study results summary for using manganese gre
33、ensand in CO mode .159 Table 10-9 Manganese greensand system for treating water at Well No. 26160 Table 10-10 Residuals handling system for manganese greensand system161 Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.x Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook Table 10-11 Backwash ho
34、lding tank specifics for manganese greensand system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Table 10-12 Decant system summary for manganese greensand system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Table 10-13 Sludge disposal system summary for ma
35、nganese greensand system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Table 10-14 Raw water quality data in Perth Amboy Runyon wells . . . 165 Table 10-15 Finished water quality data after treatment in Perth Amboy Runyon Treatment Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . 166 Table 10-16 Solids-contact clarifiers design criteria summary . . . . . . . . . 168 Table 10-17 Pressure filters design criteria summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Table 10-18 Allocated pumping rate for Wyandotte and High Mountain wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . 171 Table 10-19 Raw water quality at the Wyandotte treatment facility . . . 171 Table 10-20 Treated water quality goals at the Wyandotte treatment facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Table 10-21 Design parameters and treatment g
38、oals for Wyandotte water treatment plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Table 10-22 Residuals production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Table B-1 General conversion table 201 Table B-2 Additional names and symbols . 204 Copyright 2015 America
39、n Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xi Acknowledgments We are grateful to the many people who contributed in a variety of ways to the creation of this book. First and foremost, we thank Elmer O. Sommer- feld, the author of the previous edition of the Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook, f
40、or laying the foundation for a practical tool in addressing the problem of iron and manganese in drinking water. Many of our colleagues at Hatch Mott MacDonald reviewed chapters and made helpful suggestions, including Margie Gray, John Schneekloth, and James Poirier. Don Nusser, Sustainability Pract
41、ice Leader, prepared much of the information in chapter 2 and contributed to our thinking about the sustainability issues posed by iron and manganese removal. Geoff Wisner provided valuable editorial assistance at every step of the way. William Bertera of the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure
42、 pro- vided assistance on sustainability issues. We are extremely grateful for the assistance of Dr. Taha Marhaba, Professor and Chairman of the John A. Reif, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Dr. Marhaba provided valuable assistance re
43、garding the fundamental chemical and hydraulic aspects associated with iron and manganese removal. We are grateful as well to the numerous suppliers who contributed to this book, including Jackie Cutter of Anthratech Western, Raymond Jones of Hungerford & Terry, Chris Savino of Layne, Chris Hanson o
44、f Meurer Research, Chris Wilkinson of NO-DES, Ana Van Den Hende of PSI Pro- cess and Equipment, and Tom Perry of Veolia Water. Any errors in this book remain the responsibility of the authors. We hope you find this new edition of the Iron and Manganese Removal Hand- book useful and interesting. Copy
45、right 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Copyright 2015 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xiii Foreword During more than 30 years as a water professional in the Pacific North- west, I found that few things were more alarming to customers than seeing red wa
46、ter or black water come out of their faucets. Two such contami- nants that can cause colored water are iron and manganese. Although iron and manganese in drinking water are generally not hazardous to health, they are unacceptable to consumers, and removing them is a multimillion- dollar challenge. F
47、or years, operators and engineers have relied on the Iron and Man- ganese Removal Handbook. First published in 1984 by the Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management Department, the handbook was updated by Elmer O. Sommerfeld and published by the American Water Works Association in 1999. Sixte
48、en years later, there is a pressing need for an updated version of this valuable resource. AWWA has done the industry a great service in making this new edition of the Iron and Manganese Removal Handbook available. The new edition emphasizes the science of iron and manganese con- tamination by offer
49、ing firsthand field experience, detailed case studies, sustainability considerations, and practical evaluations of current and emerging methods for iron and manganese removal. It has been thorough- ly updated by two leading water professionals: John Civardi and Mark Tompeck of Hatch Mott MacDonald. During more than 25 years of experience in water treatment, John Civardi has been the lead project engineer for many groundwater treat- ment projects to remove iron and manganese. He has published papers in Water World, the New England Water Works Asso
