1、 #MBOL1BHFWater Treatment Operator Training HandbookThird EditionNicholas G. PizziWilliam C. LauerCopyright 2002, 2005, 2013 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ
2、ing photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quota-tions for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThis book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the publisher, edito
3、rs, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents, or their applicability to any particular circum-stance. The editors, authors, and publisher accept no liability
4、 to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action or making any interpreta-tion that is within the
5、 realm of a licensed professional practice.ISBN: 978-1-58321-861-7Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa ValentineCover Design: Melanie YamamotoProduction: Janice Benight Design StudioLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPizzi, Nicholas G.Water treatment operator handbookWater
6、 treatment operator training handbook / by Nicholas G. Pizzi and William C. Lauer. - Third edition.pages cmPrevious edition published as: Water treatment operator handbook, 2005.Includes index.ISBN 978-1-58321-861-71. Water treatment plants-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Water-Purification-Hand-books,
7、manuals, etc. I. Lauer, Bill. II. Title. TD434.P579 2013628.162-dc232013009995Printed onRecycled PapervContentsPreface ixChapter 1: Regulated Contaminants and Treatment Challenges 1Types of Water Systems 1Disinfection By-Product and Microbial Regulations 3Operational Views of Certain Contaminants .1
8、9Regulatory changes 22Bibliography 22Chapter 2: Source Water .25Sources of Water 26Source Water Protection Program 31Source Water Quality Considerations .34Bibliography 36Chapter 3: Well Design and Operation .37Types and Operation of Wells 37Parts of a Well .39Operations and Maintenance .40Reasons f
9、or Well Abandonment .43Bibliography 44Chapter 4: Pretreatment 45Variation in Source Water Quality 45Process Design .47Bibliography 50Chapter 5: Coagulation and Flocculation .51Coagulation .52Common Coagulant Aids 53Coagulation Chemical Feed Systems .54Process Operations and Maintenance .58Flocculati
10、on .63Bibliography 66Chapter 6: Sedimentation 67Process Design .68Types of Basins 70High-Rate Processes .72Operations and Maintenance .77viSafety 79Residuals .79Turbidity Testing 85Bibliography 85Chapter 7: Filtration 87Slow Sand Filters 87Rapid Sand Filters 89Diatomaceous Earth Filters 91Granular B
11、ed Designs .92Granular Bed Operation and Optimization .95Bibliography 112Chapter 8: Disinfection 113Basics of Chemical Disinfection . 113Chlorine Feed Equipment 120Chlorine Dioxide 120Chloramination 121Ozone . 123Ultraviolet Light . 124Disinfection By-Products . 126Bibliography 127Chapter 9: Softeni
12、ng . 129Water Hardness 129Precipitative Softening Process 131Bibliography 145Chapter 10: Specialized Treatment Processes 147Aeration 147Adsorption (GAC) . 148Iron and Manganese Removal 150Fluoridation of Water 152Activated Alumina Fluoride Removal Process 157Adsorptive Media . 158Electrodialysis Dem
13、ineralization 158Precoat Filtration (Diatomaceous Earth) . 160Corrosion and Scaling Control . 161Ion Exchange . 162Bibliography 164Chapter 11: Membrane Systems . 165Reverse Osmosis 165Nanofiltration. 167viiUltrafiltration . 168Microfiltration 168Post-treatment 169Future Considerations . 170Bibliogra
14、phy 170Chapter 12: Testing and Laboratory Procedures . 171Reasons for Testing 171Sampling . 171Quality Assurance/Quality Control 174Bibliography 189Chapter 13: Instrumentation and Control Equipment 191Process Control 191Bibliography 205Chapter 14: Safety and Security Practices . 207Treatment Plant S
15、afety 207Safety Regulations 207Confined Space Rules . 208General Plant Safety . 211Lab Safety 217General Safety . 217Plant Security . 217Bibliography 222Chapter 15: Record Keeping and Reporting . 223Process Records . 223Reporting 227Plant Performance Reports 228Bibliography 229Appendix A: Sample Mat
16、erial Safety Data for Chlorine . 231Appendix B: Math and Calculation Methods 239Practical Unit Conversions for Water 239Practical Water Treatment Plant Example Problems . 241Appendix C: Water Chemistry 251Appendix D: Metric Conversions 257Glossary 263Index . 279About the Authors 293ixFirst Edition P
17、refaceThe people who operate water treatment plants make an important contri-bution to the public health of the community in which they work. A safe drinking water supply is essential to all representative groups within the sphere of influence of the treatment plant. Therefore, the water plant opera
18、-tor should be a trained professional who is capable of performing the tasks necessary to provide the safest possible water.Trained professional: the phrase implies two principles. First, this is a person who conforms to technical and ethical standards of a discipline, per-haps on the level of a per
19、manent career. Second, this person is trainable and has been trained to perform at a level that leads to professionalism. This book is written with those principles in mind.An ethical paradigm is in action here. Performing the role of water plant operator places a premium on allegiance to the consum
20、er, the regulator, and the employer. Often, operators believe the demands made on them by the three are in conflict. Many operator training programs are available to peo-ple in the field, but few of them offer training in ethics. Occasionally, we read about an operator who has made a questionable et
21、hical choice. Public response to these incidents is a predictable loss of confidence in the drink-ing water industry. Usually, when operators make the right choice, it is a result of their training. Unfortunately, the right choices that operators make are not often written about.The US Environmental
22、 Protection Agency (USEPA) has published guide-lines for the certification and qualification of the men and women who oper-ate the water treatment plants in this country.* These guidelines provide a legal framework for operator certification, one that underscores the opinions previously stated. To a
23、dd weight to the seriousness of the rule, the USEPA administrator is directed to withhold 20 percent of the funds a state is other-wise entitled to receive in its Drinking Water State Revolving Fund capitaliza-tion grants under section 1452 of the Safe Drinking Water Act if the state does not meet g
24、oals or commitments. This action is an inducement to perform.* Federal Register, USEPA, FRL-6230-8, Final Guidelines for the Certification and Recertification of the Operators of Community and Nontransient Noncommunity Public Water Systems, Feb. 5, 1999. p. 5916.x | Water Treatment Operator Training
25、 HandbookThe rule requires, at a minimum, that all owners of public water sup-plies place the direct supervision of their water system under the responsi-ble charge of an operator(s) holding a valid certification equal to or greater than the classification of the treatment facility. It further requi
26、res that all operating personnel making process-control decisions about water quality or quantity that affect public health be certified. Finally, it requires that a designated certified operator be available for each operating shift.The rule is populated with many phrases that begin with “must”: th
27、e state must classify water systems; operators must pass an exam; exam ques-tions must be validated; operators must have a minimum level of schooling; licenses must be renewed; the state must establish training requirements; the state must include ongoing stakeholder involvement.What drives this rul
28、e and its associated requirements? The recognition that the water treatment plant is a barrier against the passage of pathogen- infested or otherwise harmful water and that those who own and operate them should be accountable for the water they produce. The concept of the multiple-barrier approach t
29、o water plant operation has evolved from such recognition. Programs such as the Partnership for Safe Water and other efforts attempt to instill a systematic approach to this discipline and to encourage tenacity for ongoing process improvement through optimization. These programs provide a framework
30、for operators who wish to improve their skills and knowledge of the profession.It is hoped that this third edition will help operators in their search for professionalism.I would like to thank the following water utility professionals who served as reviewers of this book. Their time is appreciated a
31、nd their exper-tise acknowledged.Christine A. Owen, PhD, Water Quality Assurance Officer, Tampa Bay Water, Clearwater, Fla.Michael J. Pickel, PE, BS Civil Engineering, Environmental Programs Manager, Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pa. David A. Visintainer, MSCE, Director of Public Util
32、ities and Water Com-missioner, City of St. Louis Water Division, St. Louis, Mo.Melinda L. Raimann, BSEd, CUSA, Assistant Commissioner, Cleveland Division of Water, Cleveland, Ohio David J. Rexing, BA Chemistry, MBA, Water Quality Research and Devel-opment Manager, Southern Nevada Water Authority, La
33、s Vegas, Nev.Jan C. Routt, BS Microbiology, Director of Water Quality, Kentucky-Amer-ican Water Company, Lexington, Ky.Preface | xiI would also like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in developing the outline for this book. Their contribution was thorough and helped to make thi
34、s work a comprehensive tool for operators: David Talley, Bill Lauer, Joe McDonald, Nelson Yarlott, and Gay Porter De Nileon.Nicholas G. Pizzi* * *Third Edition PrefaceNick Pizzi is my friend and colleague. When AWWA asked me to consider authoring the third edition of this book, the first thing I did
35、 was to contact Nick. He explained that he had decided not to participate in the revision and that he was confident that I would provide professional and current information. Even though I did not work with Nick on this new edition, his hand is evident throughout. Before making his decision not to d
36、o this revision, he had provided suggestions for updates and I have included them. Also, I did not tamper with Nicks style. His words reveal a passion for operations excellence that I can only hope to appreciate. My approach was to update the many references and illustrations to make them current. I
37、 also reviewed the operator certification knowledge requirements included in the Associated Boards of Certification (ABC) Need-to-Know criteria. Several state certification boards (e.g., California, Penn-sylvania, and Texas) operator requirements were also added where there were differences. Any top
38、ics in these certification requirements that were not already included in the book were added.The result of these additions and revisions make this book an indispens-able reference for all water treatment plant operators and plant managers. The book is equally useful for certification exam studies a
39、nd as a reference for operations personnel.I want to thank David Plank, Melissa Valentine, and Alan Roberson at AWWA for their help and support during the publication process. Most of all I want to thank Nick Pizzi for his outstanding book, which I was allowed to supplement.William C. Lauer1Chapter
40、1Regulated Contaminants and Treatment ChallengesRegulations that govern US water supply and treatment are developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Most states administer USEPA regulations after adopting regulations that are no less stringe
41、nt than federal rules; and in some cases, states have adopted stricter regulations or have developed regulations for additional contaminants not regulated by USEPA.This chapter discusses current and anticipated USEPA regulations and the challenges that operators face in their efforts to comply with
42、the regu-lations. Water system operators should consult their local and state regula-tory agencies to verify applicable regulations that may be different than the federal regulations listed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a dis-cussion of selected contaminants that are commonly found in
43、water, their significance, and the methods for their removal.TYPES OF WATER SYSTEMSThe SDWA defines a public water system (PWS) as a supply of piped water for human consumption that has at least 15 service connections, or serves 25 or more persons 60 or more days each year. By that definition, priva
44、te homes, groups of homes with a single water source but having fewer than 25 residents, and summer camps with their own water source that operate less than 60 days per year are not PWSs. They may, however, be subject to state or local regulations. Such systems may also be subject to state and local
45、 well construction and water quality requirements.PWSs are classified into three categories based on the type of custom-ers served:tCommunity PWS: a system whose customers are full-time residentstNontransient noncommunity PWS: an entity having its own water sup-ply, serving an average of at least 25
46、 persons who do not live at the location but who use the water for more than 6 months per year2 | Water Treatment Operator Training HandbooktTransient noncommunity PWS: an establishment having its own water system, where an average of at least 25 people per day visit and use the water occasionally o
47、r for only short periods of timeThe rationale for these classifications is based on the differences in exposure to contaminants experienced by persons using the water. Most chemical contaminants are believed to potentially cause adverse health effects from long-term exposure. Short-term exposure to
48、low-level chemical contamination may not carry the same risk as long-term exposure.Therefore, the monitoring requirements for both community and non-community water systems apply to all contaminants that are considered a health threat. The transient and nontransient noncommunity systems must only mo
49、nitor for nitrite and nitrate, as well as biological contamination (those that pose immediate threat from brief exposure). The remaining com-munity systems, about 52,000 in the United States, have more stringent and frequent monitoring requirements.Before examining the specific regulations that govern contaminants, the operator needs to know the difference between the two concepts used in the contaminant monitoring process: the maximum contaminant level go
