1、 #MBOL1BHFPRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURETOTALMANAGEMENTWATERNeil S. Grigg, PhD, PEPRACTICES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURETOTALMANAGEMENTWATERLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGrigg, Neil S.Total water management : practices for a sustainable future / by Neil S. Grigg.p. cm.ISBN-10: 1-
2、58321-550-6ISBN-13: 978-1-58321-550-01. Water resources development. 2. Water-supply-Management. 3. Sustainable develop-ment. 4. Environmental policy. I. American Water Works Association. II. Title. HD1691.G748 2008333.91-dc222008010834Total Water Management: Practices for a Sustainable FutureCopyri
3、ght 2008 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations
4、 for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThis book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in rendering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors
5、, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents, or their applicability to any particular circumstance. The editors, authors, and publisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a
6、result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon Technical Editor/Project Man
7、ager: Martha Ripley GrayCover Design/Production Editor: Cheryl ArmstrongCover Photo: Colorado River Aqueduct outside of Los Angeles, iofoto Shutterstock6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098303.794.7711www.awwa.orgiCONTENTSLIST OF FIGURES viiLIST OF TABLES ixFOREWORD xiCHAPTER 1TOTAL WATER MAN
8、AGEMENT: FROM VISION TO EXECUTION 1What is TWM, really? 2Why is TWM needed? 3TWM is about leadership 5Is there an environmental crisis? 7Barriers to sustainability 9The nature of TWM 10TWMmore political than technical 12Use of case studies to explain TWM 13What does the book contribute? 14How do uti
9、lities take the lead? 16Summary points 17Review questions 17References 17CHAPTER 2WATER MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACTS 19The water supply problem 20The water quality problem 21The environmental problem 22The Tragedy of the Commons 23Arenas for action of TWM 24Why sustainability is a shared responsibilit
10、y 26Threats to sustainability 28Players and the water management actions they control 29iiHow the players create impacts on water systems 30Summary points 39Review questions 40References 40Case StudyMaintaining Supply While Preserving the Resource 43CHAPTER 3TOTAL WATER MANAGEMENT: VISION, PRINCIPLE
11、S, AND EXAMPLES 55Fundamental concepts and definitions of TWM 55Beyond the definition: putting TWM to work 65Principles of TWM 65Summary points 89Review questions 90References 90CHAPTER 4PLANNING AND SHARED GOVERNANCE 93Planning and shared governance in TWM 95Water resources planning 96Governance an
12、d shared governance 103Defining roles and relationships 106Integration and coordination through shared governance 106Regionalization: its promises and challenges 109Toward the future 110Summary points 111Review questions 112References 112CHAPTER 5TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE REPORTING FOR WATER AGENCIES 115TB
13、L as sustainability reporting 117TBL as multicriteria scorekeeping 118iiiUse of indicators in TBL reports 121TBL reporting for water management 124Status of TBL reporting in the water industry 127Utility TBL reports 128TBL results in a region 128Compiling a TBL scorecard: the Sydney Water example 13
14、1A US example: Seattle Public Utilities 132Integrity in reporting 133Summary points 133Review questions 134References 134CHAPTER 6VALUE AND COST OF WATER 137How society balances the allocation of water resources 141What is meant by the value of water 144Societal versus individual decisions: the acco
15、unting stance 146How society computes benefits and costs 148Use of cost-effectiveness analysis 155Balancing the uses 155Why people do not recognize the value of water and what can be done 155Summary points 157Review questions 158References 159CHAPTER 7ENVIRONMENTAL WATER: ASSESSMENT, VALUE, AND SUST
16、AINABILITY 161Sustainable development and natural systems 162State of the environment 163Summary of environmental issues 168What are the water needs of natural systems? 171Water needs of natural system elements 172ivWater management actions and impacts 177Balancing environmental benefits and costs i
17、n TWM 179Environmental monitoring and assessment 181Assessment at the watershed level 182Summary points 186Review questions 188References 188CHAPTER 8SOCIAL IMPACTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT 191Classification of social impacts 193A system for social indicators of water projects 194Public health and safety
18、 196Equal opportunity 201Community goodwill 201Social impact analysis: an assessment tool 202Social rights and social responsibilities 203Summary points 203Review questions 204References 205CHAPTER 9LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF WATER MANAGEMENT 207Law coordinates and regulates water management 208How law
19、 determines management choices 210Water law 212Water laws by levels of government 214Regulation in the water industry 228Roles of courts 230International water laws 230Summary points 230Review questions 232References 232vCHAPTER 10POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL OBSTACLES TO TWM 235An explanation of ins
20、titutional factors 236Examples of institutional problems 237Water institutions 238Examples of institutional obstacles to TWM 240Water supply industry constraints 242Nonpoint source pollution 243A method for institutional analysis 245Political model of water planning 246Gap analysis and remedies 248R
21、oles and responsibilities 248Summary points 250Review questions 251References 252CHAPTER 11ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, ETHICS, AND EDUCATION 253About stewardship 254Environmental ethics 256Environmental education 256Roles and responsibilities 258Environmental leadership 260Requirements for environmen
22、tal education and ethics 260Summary points 262Review questions 262References 263CHAPTER 12WATER INDUSTRY PROSPECTS AND POLICIES 265Threats to the water industry 265Where the water industry is heading 266State of the practice of TWM 268Roles and responsibilities 269viInstitutional arrangements 270Fin
23、al word 272Summary points 273Review questions 274Reference 274APPENDIX AAWWA AND AWWARF STATEMENTS ABOUT TOTAL WATER MANAGEMENT AND RELATED CONCEPTS 275AWWA Policy Statement on Developing and Managing Water Resources 275AWWA White Paper on Total Water Management 277AwwaRF definition of Total Water M
24、anagement (1996) 281AWWA definition of Total Water Management, from the Drinking Water Dictionary (2000) 281References 282LIST OF ACRONYMS 283INDEX 287viiLIST OF FIGURES1-1. TWM as a balancing act 21-2. Financial and outreach responsibilities of business and utilities 61-3. Balance point for sustain
25、able development 71-4. The balance in water management 81-5. Total water management: a systemic concept 111-6. How TWM works 162-1. TWM looking inward and outward 242-2. Water industry and impact sources 252-3. How TWM relates to large and small actions 272-4. Dual risks of water utilities 282-5. Wa
26、ter and related land management activities 312-6. Sources and impacts of TWM actions 332-7. Water cycle uses, discharges, and effects 382A-1. Vienne River and estuary 443-1. How a framework organizes principles and processes 573-2. IWRM policy sectors and purposes 593-3. Development of TWM/IWRM conc
27、epts 593-4. TWM processes and principles 653-5. Water managers dilemma 683-6. Coordination and balancing in TWM 763-7. Coordination and allocation of water 783-8. Assessment and reporting to counter Tragedy of the Commons 854-1. TWM process with shared planning 954-2. Planning by levels 954-3. Featu
28、res of the Water Resources Planning Act 984-4. Phases of the water resources planning act 994-5. Rational planning in a political environment 1024-6. Circles of responsibility for water planning 1054-7. Roundtable 1105-1. Business reports versus TBL reports 1165-2. TBL and the Balanced Scorecard 120
29、5-3. Reporting by public companies and government utilities 1225-4. Packing information to create an environmental indicator 1236-1. A fictitious water market and auction 1396-2. How valuation of water differs by level 1426-3. How economics and finance differ 1446-4. Concepts of value 1466-5. Water
30、management is a balancing act 148viii7-1. World population with projection to 2050 1627-2. Watershed showing natural and human systems 1647-3. TWM as a comprehensive approach to water management 1657-4. How assessment and decision-making relate to each other 1817-5. Micro and macro aspects of water
31、planning 1858-1. Water industry and outreach to society 1928-2. Water and the hierarchy of human needs 1948-3. Some possible health effects related to water 2009-1. How water-related law has grown 2089-2. How law and regulations affect water management 21110-1. A few “institutional factors” 23610-2.
32、 Water resources decision process 24712-1. Water industry triangle 267ixLIST OF TABLES1-1. The TWM framework 32-1. WQ 2000 sources of water contamination 222-2. Management actions that impact water resources 262-3. Threats to natural water systems 292-4. People and organizations impacting water reso
33、urces 302-5. Main players in water management 302-6. Estimated water use in the United States in the year 2000 in million gallons per day (mgd) 342-7. USEPA findings on water quality 362-8. Main pollutants 363-1. Two definitions of TWM 563-2. EU Water Framework Directive compared to the US framework
34、 633-3. TWM processes, principles, and practices 644-1. Attributes of a water resources planning process 964-2. Beneficial and adverse effects of water resources development by category 1044-3. Players in the planning processes 1075-1. Scoring strategies by goal 1185-2. Preferable attributes of a sy
35、stem of indicators 1225-3. TWM goals and specific measures 1265-4. TBL achievements by issue 1285-5. TWM elements and possible indicators 1295-6. Seattle Public Utilities statements and TBL/TWM 1336-1. Issues as perceived by society and organizations 1477-1. Conclusions of the 2003 USEPA report 1687
36、-2. Impacts on water quality as defined in Water Quality 2000 1707-3. Targeted watersheds and their features 1868-1. TWM contributions to social systems 1978-2. USEPA list of contaminants and their potential effects 1999-1. Responsibility by element of the TWM definition 2099-2. Examples of legal ca
37、tegories including water law 2129-3. The legal matrix by level 2129-4. Legal frameworks for water management tasks 2149-5. Programs of the Clean Water Act 21610-1. Institutional factors relating to water management 23710-2. Classification of incentives in the water sector 24010-3. Discussion of prob
38、lems confronting TWM 24110-4. Gaps in need and strategies for fixing them 24910-5. TWM roles and responsibilities 250x11-1. Knowledge and value requirements of TWM elements 26112-1. Assessment scorecard by TWM element 26912-2. Roles and TWM tools by sector 271xiForewordThe concept of Total Water Man
39、agement (TWM) was developed in the 1990s because leaders in the water industry sensed that single-purpose water management was outdated and too limited. While utilities competed hard for water and the government developed more regulations, water supplies were still getting scarcer and more degraded.
40、 The origins of the TWM concept stem back to AWWA policies on water resources management and were expressed in a 1994 white paper that was drafted by the Total Water Management Task Force. This task force represented several committees and reported to the Technical and Educational Council and the Wa
41、ter Utility Council. Its chair was Gerald S. Allen, who at that time was with Avatar Utilities in Coral Gables, Florida. At that time, AWWA white papers were written at the direction of the board of directors to address a topic quickly.1When the TWM concept was developed, AWWA was reexamining its ro
42、les on several fronts. A principal idea behind TWM is that the water supply industry should take leadership in resource conservation and in considering water management across the entire hydrologic cycle. While it is difficult to resurrect historical events, evidence shows that debates within AWWA l
43、eadership circles led to TWM becoming a value for AWWA to promote, along with Safe Water for All People and Customer Satisfaction.2These three slogans appeared on the cover of AWWA MainStream in the mid-1990s. The promise of TWM is that we can promote sustainable development by working together to m
44、anage water on the basis of natural systems within watersheds. TWM might seem like a nice idea without much practical use, or it can be a powerful tool to forge cooperation and create win-win solutions among water managers. Its emphasis on stewardship shows that all citizens must participate. Otherw
45、ise, the relentless impacts of land development will degrade water supplies in spite of the efforts of water managers.TWM doesnt lend itself very well to presentation in a manual of practice or a handbook. It is not really a set of steps so much as it is a set of principles. This book organizes its
46、ideas and concepts and can be 1 Thanks to Linda Moody, AWWAs volunteer and technical support coordinator, for this information. She also reported that white papers are rarely written now because hot topics can be addressed in other ways.2 Thanks to Bob Wubbena (president of AWWA, 199596) for insight
47、 into AWWA policy debates of the early 1990s that resulted in new directions and water industry leadership in TWM and related areas. xiiused to create other presentation mechanisms, such as training materials, PowerPoints, and video presentations.TWM offers many examples of ways to be involved. Peop
48、le using its principles might be utility engineers, operators, or administrators. They might also be planners, scientists, or other support staff. They might be running advocacy organizations that reach out to private citizens. They might be leaders in convincing citizens to improve water use and ma
49、nagement by conservation or nonpoint source control. They could be involved in the fishing and recreation industries and be working to keep the waters pure and safe. They might be regulators looking for better ways to regulate. They could be in the water industrys large support sector and want tips about providing products or services. In presenting the book, Im reminded of the strands of history that make up the TWM ideas. I think of AWWA leader Abel Wolman, who
