1、 Blank PageDisinfection of Pipelines and Storage Facilities Field Guideby William C. Lauer and Fred J. SanchezScience and TechnologyAWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industr
2、y standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page i Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMCopyright 2006 American Water Works Association.All rights reserved.Printed i
3、n the United States of America.Project Manager/Technical Editor: Melissa ValentineProduction: Claro SystemsNo part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording, or any information or retrieval system, exce
4、pt in the form ofbrief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written per-mission of the publisher.DisclaimerThe authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsi-bility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In noevent will AWWA be liab
5、le for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or con-sequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in thisbook. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including,but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no eventshall AWWAs liability e
6、xceed the amount paid for the purchase of thisbook.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWilliam C. Lauer.Disinfection of pipelines and storage facilities field guide / by William C.Lauer, Fred J. Sanchez.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-58321-423-21. Water-pipe
7、s-Cleaning. 2. Waterworks-Cleaning. 3.Water-Purification-Disinfection. I. Sanchez, Fred J. II. American WaterWorks Association. III. Title.TD491.L38 2006628.15-dc2220060459976666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098303.794.7711DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page ii Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMiiiCont
8、entsAbout the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiChapter 1 The Importance of Distribution System Disinfection 1References . . . . . .
9、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Chapter 2 Chlorination Chemicals 7Liquid Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Sodium Hypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Calcium Hypochlorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10References .
10、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Chapter 3 Disinfection of Pipelines 13Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Sanitary Construction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Flushing and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Prev
11、enting Backflow During Installation . . . . . 20Providing Temporary Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Final Flushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Bacteriological Testing . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . 30Connection to Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . 31Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Pipeline Chlorination Method Specifics . . . . . . . 32Tablet Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Slug Method . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Chapter 4 Disinfection for Pipeline Repairs 59Condition and Storage of Repair Parts . . . . . . . 59DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page iii Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMivSanitary Repair Practi
14、ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Chlorination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Bacteriological Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . . . . . . 64Chapter 5 Disinfection of Storage Facilities 65Sanitary Construction or MaintenancePractices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Chlorination Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Removal of Highly Chlorinated Water . . . . . . . . 66Bacterio
16、logical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Release to Potable Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Chlorination Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Full Storage Facility Chlorination Method . . . . 69Chlorination Steps and Precautions . . . . . . . . . . 70Ch
17、lorination Amount Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . 71Tank Volume Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Chlorination Chemical Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . 74Surface Application Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Chlorinate and Fill Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Ref
18、erences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Chapter 6 Underwater Inspection of StorageFacilitiesDisinfection Procedures 85Preliminary Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Storage-Facility Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Storage-Facility Acce
19、ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Initial Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Equipment and Personnel Requirements . . . . . 86Equipment Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Postinspection Chlorine Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Bacteriologica
20、l Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Affidavit of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page iv Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMvChapter 7 Dechlorination of Highly Chlorinate
21、d Water 91Dechlorination Practices Used in the Field . . . . 92Flow Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Chemical Dechlorination Calculation . . . . . . . 102References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Chapter 8 Pipeline Chlorination Simplified 109Sim
22、plified Pipeline Chlorination Methods . . . . 110Pipelines Less Than 12 in. (300 mm) . . . . . . . . 111Pipelines 12 in. (300 mm) or Larger . . . . . . . . . 115Simplified Slug Method for Larger Pipelines . 119Appendix A Calculators 123Pipeline Continuous-Feed MethodCalculator . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Tank Volume Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Index 129DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page v Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page vi Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMviiAbout the AuthorsWilliam C. Lauer is senior technical services en
24、gineer for theAmerican Water Works Association. Mr. Lauer has authored andedited more than a dozen books, and 50 articles and technicalpublications, covering all aspects of the drinking water industryincluding: water quality, treatment, reuse, distribution systemoperation, management, and desalinati
25、on. He is a recognized tech-nical expert in the field and has consulted for NASA, USEPA, thegovernment of Singapore, several major engineering design andconstruction firms, and many others in his more than 30 years inthe drinking water supply field.Fred J. Sanchez is water quality supervisor for Den
26、ver Water.Mr. Sanchez has more than 15 years experience in water qualityinvestigation, and field disinfection and dechlorination of pipelinesand storage facilities. He has developed improved field disinfec-tion methods and testing of water pipelines and water storagefacilities including the use of o
27、zone for disinfection purposes.DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page vii Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page viii Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMixForewordThis Disinfection of Pipelines and Storage Facilities FieldGuide is one of the “Field Guide” series of books published by theAmeri
28、can Water Works Association (AWWA). These books aremeant to be small, practical, how-to publications on specific sub-jects of importance to drinking water system operating personnel.These books omit most of the theory and background that haveled to the use of the procedures described in the guides.
29、This fun-damental information is found in other AWWA publications andis referenced in the field guides.The information in this field guide, like the other books in thisseries, provides what is needed to do the work. Useful tables andeasy to follow illustrations help system operators perform theproce
30、dures described in the ANSI/AWWA disinfection standardsand in other references. The field guides get straight to the pointand provide the necessary information to perform the mostcommonprocedures. This approach leads the operator to themost useful solutions.There are several special notes included t
31、hroughout the book.Look for “Ops Tips” and the “Table Tamer” in call-outs and textboxes for help with important points and how to use some of thetables. There are also several “calculators” that help plug in thenumbers needed to calculate a value.Operator tips indicate important points.Ops TipIllust
32、rates how to use some of the more complicated tables.TableTamerDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page ix Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMx“Calculators” provide easy-to-use, plug-in-the-numbers, equa-tions and examples used to give quick results. The conversionfactors and other constants have been combined so t
33、hat theequation is greatly simplified. The derivation of the formula isnot given, just the result. More detail about the source of theconstants shown for the calculators is shown in Appendix A.(cn-n)The authors hope this information is useful and is used tosupplement hands-on training and, thus, bec
34、omes an indispens-able companion for both utility and contractor personnel.William C. LauerFred J. SanchezInsert known value needed for the calculationsCalculation result and units of measureconstant= DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page x Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMxiAcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to
35、thank the reviewers who provided thebenefit of their experience to enhance this publication. Gary Burlingame, Philadelphia Water Department,Philadelphia, Pa.Chet Shastri, Fort Wayne City Utilities, Fort Wayne, Ind.Stephen Lohman, Denver Water, Denver, Colo.Kenneth Morgan, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utili
36、ty,Charlotte, N.C.Bruce F. Dahm, Denver Water, Denver, Colo.Nicole M. Peschel, Denver Water, Denver, Colo.Denver Water has generously provided originals of many ofthe illustrations used in this book. Several of these were drawnby Nicole Peschel and Fred Sanchez. Other photos are courtesy ofDenver Wa
37、ter.DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page xi Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page xii Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PM1Chapter 1The Importance of Distribution System DisinfectionThe reports of waterborne disease outbreaks attributed todrinking water have decreased since high numbers in
38、the 1970sand 1980s. However, the annual number remains higher thandesirable (Figure 1-1). Acute gastrointestinal illnesses comprisethe majority of these identified disease outbreaks in the UnitedStates. Most of these outbreaks involve microbiological agentsthat would respond to proper disinfection.F
39、igure 1-1 Number of waterborne-disease outbreaks (n=764) associatedwith drinking water, by year and etiologic agentUnited States, 197120020102030405060Legionella species*AGIChemicalViralParasiticBacterial20011998199519921989198619831980197719741971Year*Beginning in 2001, Legionnaires disease was add
40、ed to the surveillance system, andLegionella species were classified separately.Acute gastrointestinal illness of unknown etiology.Reprinted from CDC MMWR Surveillance Summaries, October 2004.Number of outbreaksDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page 1 Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PM2 Disinfection of Pipelines
41、 and Storage Facilities Field GuideAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), deficiencies in the distribution systems are significantcontributing factors leading to waterborne disease outbreaks.Figure 1-2 illustrates the relative contribution of various diseaseoutbreak causes
42、. Distribution system deficiencies account for 32percent of the total, and these sources are second only to treat-ment deficiencies at 48 percent. Therefore, careful attention isneeded to ensure the integrity of distribution systems, includingdisinfection of pipelines and storage facilities to reduc
43、e the possi-bility microbiological contamination. Pathogens can enter the distribution system through open-ings in storage facilities, and during water main installation andrepair procedures. Pathogens present in water or soil in proxim-ity to water mains and storage facilities (contaminated by sew-
44、age, farmland runoff, or other polluted sources) may also enterFigure 1-2 Drinking water associated waterborne disease outbreak causes, Community Water Survey, 19712002Miscellaneous orUnknown Causes, 7%Contaminated Water Source,No Treatment, 13%TreatmentInadequacies, 48%Distribution SystemDeficienci
45、es, 32%DPSF_FieldGuide.book Page 2 Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PMThe Importance of Distribution System Disinfection 3pipelines or storage facilities. Figure 1-3 illustrates the findingsfrom tests performed on undisturbed soil and water near pipeinstallations (Kirmeyer et al. 2001).Soil containin
46、g pathogens and other microbes is the mostcommon source of microbiological contamination associated withwater main installation and repair. Wet soil often contains moreof these contaminants than dry soil. Microbiological contamina-tion of pipelines comes from: Accumulation of soil, sediment, and oth
47、er foreign mate-rial on the interior of new pipes, and appurtenance sur-faces during storage and installation. Accumulation of soil on the interior of existing exposedpipes.Figure 1-3 Percent positive (for various microbes) water and soil samples0102030405060708090100SoilWaterColiphageVirus (RT-PCR)
48、Virus (cell culture)Bacillusspp.Clostridiumssp.FecalColiformTotal ColiformPercent PositiveDPSF_FieldGuide.book Page 3 Thursday, November 9, 2006 3:14 PM4 Disinfection of Pipelines and Storage Facilities Field Guide Contact with or intrusion of foreign water during storageand installation activities,
49、 and sometimes followingemergency repairs, most often because of prematuremain shutdown and depressurization. Foreign waterincludes trench water, stormwater, and other sources ofrunoff. For main breaks, potable water that enters thetrench from the broken pipe and therefore contacts con-taminated soil, is a common source of foreign water.Distribution system storage facilities consist primarily of: ele-vated tanks, standpipes, covered above- (or partially above-)ground reservoirs, and underground r
