1、 Blank PageLee H. OdellTreatmentTechnologiesfor Groundwater20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iii20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iii 6/24/2010 10:52:07 AM6/24/2010 10:52:07 AMLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataOdell, Lee H.Treatment technologies for groundwater / Lee H. Odell.p. cm.ISBN 978-1-58321-
2、757-31. Groundwater-Purifi cation. 2. Drinking water-Contamination. I. Title. TD462.O34 2010628.114-dc222010011846ISBN 1-58321-757-6978-158321-757-3Treatment Technologies for GroundwaterCopyright 2010 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
3、or trans-mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThis book is provided for i
4、nformational purposes only, with the understand-ing that the publisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in ren-dering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents, or their applicability to any par
5、ticular circumstance. The editors, authors, and pub-lisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professi
6、onal before taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De NileonTechnical Editor/Project Manager: Mary Kay KozyraCover Design/Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80
7、235-3098303.794.7711www.awwa.org20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iv20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iv 6/24/2010 10:52:07 AM6/24/2010 10:52:07 AMvContentsList of Figures ixList of Tables xiii Preface xv1 Groundwater Treatment Regulations 1Regulations that Impact Groundwater Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8、1Current Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards. . . . . 3Secondary Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Treatment Technology Overview 23Coa
9、gulationFiltration Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Biological Filtration Treatment Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Hydrous Manganese Oxide Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Oxidation/Precipitation/Filtration Treatment Technology . . . . .
10、 . 42Adsorptive Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Ion-Exchange Treatment Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Membrane Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Electrodialysis Reversal . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Softening Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Aeration and Degassing Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Disinfection, Oxidation, and Corrosion Control: Chemical Treatment Technologies .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Disinfection of Groundwater 79Treatment Alternatives for Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86UV Light . . . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Chloramine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Inactivation Dose Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9020714 Groundwater Tx.indb v20714 Groundw
15、ater Tx.indb v 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMviSystems Complying With the Unfi ltered Requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Corros
16、ion Control 95Corrosion Control Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Regulatory Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Corrosion Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Key Water Q
17、uality Parameters for Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . 102Revised Guidance Manual for Lead and Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Corrosion Control Treatment Application Considerations . . . . . . 108Impacts on Water Quality from pH Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Recent Information on
18、Lead and Copper Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . 111References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125 Iron and Manganese Removal 115Aesthetic and Operational Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Treatment Alternatives . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Common Problems and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Arsenic Removal 133Treatment Alternatives . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Handling and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 Hydrogen Sulfi de Removal 149Hydrogen Sulfi de
21、 Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548 Nitrate Removal 155Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155References . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1639 Uranium Removal 165Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168References .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17020714 Groundwater Tx.indb vi20714 Groundwater Tx.indb vi 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMvii10 Radium and Gross Alpha Removal 171Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . 171Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17911 Barium Removal 181Removal Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18612 Organic Compound Removal 187References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Appendix A Materials Compatibility
26、 for Chemical Feed Systems 195Index 199About the Author 23120714 Groundwater Tx.indb vii20714 Groundwater Tx.indb vii 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM20714 Groundwater Tx.indb viii20714 Groundwater Tx.indb viii 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMixList of Figures2-1 Coagulation/fi l
27、tration process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 312-2 Biological nitrate removal testing in Glendale, Arizona . . . 342-3 Biological fi ltration process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352-4 Biological iron and manganese removal vessels in Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362-5 Hydrous manganese oxide process fl ow diagram. . . . . . . . . 392-6 Hydrous manganese dioxide solution tanks and solution feed pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392-7 Oxidationfi ltration process fl ow diagram . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . 422-8 Small on-site sodium hypochlorite generator with wall-mounted reaction cell, softener, brine tank, and solution tank in a well house in California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432-9 Wall-mounted ozone generation equipment in a well building at Camano Island, W
30、ashington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432-10 Online process monitoring equipment used to track performance of remote groundwater treatment plants . . . . 462-11 Adsorptive removal process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482-12 Greensand fi ltration plant in Geneva, Illinois . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . 492-13 A 4,500-gpm groundwater treatment plant in Batavia, Illinois, that uses manganese dioxide fi lters and on-site chlorine generation to remove iron and manganese . . . . . . 502-14 Iron and manganese fi lters at Lakewood, Washington, with fi lter loading rate of 10 gpm/ft2using mangane
32、se dioxide media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512-15 Multiple sample ports on adsorptive media vessels help track progression of contaminants through the media bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522-16 Ion
33、exchange is often a simple fl ow-through process . . . . . . 532-17 Small ion-exchange system installed for iron removal in Washington State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542-18 RO or UF membrane process fl ow diagram. Shown as two stage system without pretreatme
34、nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572-19 MF or NF membrane process fl ow diagram. Shown without pretreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5720714 Groundwater Tx.indb ix20714 Groundwater Tx.indb ix 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMx2-20 Membrane technologies
35、are commonly used to remove iron and arsenic from groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582-21 Electrodialysis reversal process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . 622-22 Excess lime softening process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 642-23 Aeration process fl ow diagram . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682-24 Chemical feed systems require careful selection of materials, process needs, and safety considerations . . . . . . 713-1 Gas chlorination system in 2005, now replaced with on-site hypochlorite generation system at Batavia, Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813-2 Sodium hypochlorite tank (on right) and fl uoride saturator in Battle Ground, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823-3 Sodium hypochlorite tank and feed pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833-4 On-site sodium hypochlorite generator in Lakewood, W
38、ashington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843-5 A simple venting system keeps chlorine fumes from corroding well house equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854-1 A calcite contactor can be a cost-effective way to raise pH for groundwater
39、with low pH and low to moderate alkalinity. These calcite contactors are designed for upfl ow, so backwashing is not necessary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094-2 Phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors can be mixed in solution tanks from dry product or directly fed as a liquid . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105-1 Greensand fi lter system in California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175-2 Ferrous and ferric hydroxide solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195-3 Distribution of iron species as a function of oxidation reduction potential . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195-4 Ozone contactors and greensand fi lter at the Camano Water Association in 2005, now replaced with manganese dioxide fi lters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225-5 Permanganate mixing tank . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235-6 These manganese dioxide fi lters at Clark Public Utilities Southlake water treatment plant in Vancouver, Wash., will treat up to 10 mgd of groundwater for iron and manganese removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
43、-1 The 2003 Juan Plant in Southern California was one of the fi rst US plants to use ferric hydroxide for arsenic adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376-2 Schematic of arsenic removal with various membranes . . 13920714 Groundwater Tx.indb x2071
44、4 Groundwater Tx.indb x 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMxi6-3 This groundwater treatment plant uses preoxidation and ferric chloride addition to remove arsenic in manganese dioxide fi lters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457-1 These GAC contactors use coconut shell gr
45、anular activated carbon and air to remove hydrogen sulfi de from groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518-1 Process fl ow diagram for anion exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1578-2 Biological denitrifi cation process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . 1618-3 RO
46、 or NF membrane application with degassing and straining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16110-1 Permanganate solution from the tanks above are combined with manganous sulfate to make freshly precipitated hydrous manganese oxide. . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . 17210-2 Aerators and mixing in hydrous manganese oxide solution tank are used to keep the precipitated manganese in solution prior to injection into the raw water for radium removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17312-1 These packed-tower air strippers in Tacoma, Washington, a
48、re used to strip PCE from groundwater . . . 18812-2 These vertical vessels hold GAC, which is used to remove PCE from the groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19012-3 Example isotherm for adsorption capacity of GAC, mg/gm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . 19112-4 Hydrogen peroxide feed can be combined with UV reactors like those shown above to oxidize organic contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19220714 Groundwater Tx.indb xi20714 Groundwater Tx.indb xi 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM20714 Groundwater Tx.indb xii20714 Groundwater Tx.indb xii 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMxiiiList of Tables1-1 Current USEPA Regulations That Apply to Grou
