1、ANSI/AWWA B110-09(First Edition)AW WA StandardEffective date: March 1, 2010.This fi rst edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 14, 2009.Approved by American National Standards Institute Jan. 14, 2010.6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denver, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Confe
2、rences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySectionsThe Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterMembrane Systemsb110-09.indd i 2/2/2010 2:24:15 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iiAWWA StandardThis document is an American Water Works Association (
3、AWWA) standard. It is not a specifi cation. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi -cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Unt
4、il each optional feature is specifi ed by the user, the product or service is not fully defi ned. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This
5、standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or
6、 withdraws this standard, an offi cial notice of action will be placed on the fi rst page of the classifi ed advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the fi rst day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the offi cial notice.American National Stan
7、dardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ameri-can National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any re
8、spect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest
9、 editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertis-ing and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.CAUTION NOTICE:
10、 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffi rm, revise, or withdr
11、aw this standard no later than fi ve years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.A
12、ll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written
13、permission of the publisher.Copyright 2010 by American Water Works AssociationPrinted in USAb110-09.indd Sec1:ii 2/2/2010 2:24:20 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iiiCommittee PersonnelTh e AWWA Standards Committee on Membranes, which prepared, reviewed, and app
14、roved this standard, had the following personnel at the time:Robert Bergman, ChairScott Freeman, Vice-ChairGeneral Interest MembersK. Ajy,*Standards Council Liaison, Roswell, Ga. (AWWA)R.P. Arber, Richard P. Arber Associates Inc., Lakewood, Colo. (AWWA)M.H. Beebe,Richard P. Arber Associates Inc., La
15、kewood, Colo. (AWWA)R.A. Bergman, CH2M HILL, Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA)W.J. Conlon, Parsons Brinckerho Inc., Tampa, Fla. (AWWA)F.G. Edwards, University of Arkansas Dept. of Civil Engineering, Fayetteville, Ark. (AWWA)S.D.N. Freeman, Black a term sometimes used in this standard interchangeably with con
16、centrate for membranes that remove dissolved ions. See concentrate.12. Bubble point: Pressure di erential at which bubbles fi rst appear on the surface of a membrane in a fl uid as gas pressure is applied to the other side.13. Cation membrane or cation transferor selective membrane: A membrane throu
17、gh which only cations (positively charged ions) will transfer, generally related to ED/EDR.14. Cell pair: Repetitive section of a membrane stack consisting of a cation membrane, a demineralized water fl ow spacer, an anion membrane, and a con-centrate water fl ow spacer, generally related to ED/EDR.
18、15. Challenge test: A study conducted to determine the removal e ciency or log removal value of a membrane material for a particular organism, particu-late, or surrogate.b110-09.indd 3 2/2/2010 2:24:20 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.4 AWWA B110-0916. Chemical
19、cleaning: An operation to clean the membrane material using chemical solution(s) and typically having a duration longer than 60 min and less than 12 hr.17. Chemical wash (CW): A short-duration operation to clean the mem-brane material in place, using chemical solution(s), that has a total o -line du
20、ra-tion of less than 60 min.18. Chemically enhanced backwash (CEB): Backwash with chemical addition.19. Clean-in-place (CIP): A common type of membrane cleaning process using a chemical cleaning system in which membrane elements are cleaned with-out moving them from their normal service location.20.
21、 Cleaning: An operation during which a membrane is cleaned using a membrane cleaning system.21. Concentrate: Th e stream exiting a membrane device, which has increased concentrations of solutes and/or particles compared with the feed stream. For a pressure-driven crossfl ow device, the portion of th
22、e feed stream that does not pass through the membrane. For drinking water applications, concentrate is usually a waste stream. Although not preferred terminology per this standard, the terms retentate, reject, and brine are sometimes used as equivalent to concentrate.22. Conductivity: Measure of a s
23、ubstances ability to conduct an electrical current as measured by a conductivity meter. Th e inverse of resistivity. Reported in Siemens per meter (S/m) or, commonly, reported in micromhos or microSie-mens per centimeter (mhos/cm or S/cm), temperature corrected to 25C.23. Crossfl ow: Flow through a
24、membrane module in which the fl uid on the upstream side of the membrane moves parallel to the membrane surface. Fluid on the downstream side of the membrane moves away from the membrane in the direction normal to the membrane surface. Th is hydraulic confi guration is typical of spiral-wound system
25、s and some inside-out hollow-fi ber systems.24. Dalton: A unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom or one atomic mass unit (amu).25. Dead end: Flow confi guration of a membrane module in which the only outlet for the upstream fl uid during service is through the membrane. Th e upstrea
26、m fl uid is forced through the membrane, which captures the retained par-ticles on and within it.26. Desalination: A process for the removal of signifi cant amounts of dis-solved solids from a feedwater stream. Th ermal distillation and some membrane processes (e.g., reverse osmosis) are commonly us
27、ed for seawater desalination.b110-09.indd 4 2/2/2010 2:24:20 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.MEMBRANE SYSTEMS 527. Desalinization: Although not preferred terminology per this standard, sometimes used as an equivalent to desalination.28. Desalting: Th e reductio
28、n of dissolved solids from water.29. Direct integrity test (DIT): A physical test applied to a membrane unit in order to identify and/or isolate integrity breaches.30. Electrodialysis (ED): A demineralization process in which ions are transferred through ion-selective membranes by means of an electr
29、omotive force, voltage-driven direct electric current, from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution. Note: ED is not a membrane fi ltration process, because the demineralized (product) water does not pass through the membrane barrier. See also electrodialysis reversal (EDR).31.
30、Electrodialysis reversal (EDR): A type of ED process in which the polarities of the electrodes are periodically reversed to change the direction of ion movement for membrane scaling and fouling control. See electrodialysis (ED).32. Electrode compartment: Water fl ow compartment containing the metal
31、electrode where oxidation or reduction occurs, generally related to ED and EDR.33. Element: Th e smallest removable component of a membrane system that includes the membrane.34. Encased: For a membrane system, the type in which membrane is con-tained in a pressure vessel (or housing) and for which p
32、ositive hydraulic pressure is applied on the membrane feed side to transport water through the membrane.35. Feed channel spacer: A plastic material, often netting, between mem-brane leaves that provides the fl ow channel for the fl uid passing over the surface of the membrane, which can increase the
33、 turbulence of the feed-concentrate stream.36. Filtrate: For MF/UF, the portion of the feed stream that has passed through the membrane.37. Flux: Filtrate (for MF/UF) or permeate (for RO/NF) fl ow rate divided by available membrane area on the feed side surface. Th e unit of measurement is gallons p
34、er day per square foot, which is abbreviated gpd/ft2or gfd (also, liter per hour per square meter, which is abbreviated L/hm2or Lmh).38. Fouling index: Related term: SDI.39. Highly brackish water: Water with an approximate concentration of dissolved solids ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 mg/L. Related
35、 terms: brackish water, seawater.40. Hollow fi ber: Self-supporting cylinder containing membrane material that has an outside diameter of less than 5 mm and a hollow bore (lumen) in the b110-09.indd 5 2/2/2010 2:24:21 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.6 AWWA B110
36、-09center. For RO and NF, the membrane surface is usually on the outside with the bore (lumen) conveying permeate. For MF and UF, the membrane surface may be on the inside or the outside of the fi ber, or in some cases it is the fi ber and not a separate layer.41. Hydrophilic: Having an a nity for w
37、ater.42. Hydrophobic: Lacking an a nity for water.43. Indirect integrity monitoring: Monitoring some aspect of fi ltrate water quality that is indicative of the removal of particulate matter.44. Langelier saturation index (LSI): A calculated index indicating the ten-dency of a solution to dissolve (
38、negative value), precipitate (positive value), or be at equilibrium (value equal to zero) with calcium carbonate. LSI = pHa pHs, where pHais the actual solution pH and pHsis the pH if the solution were at saturation with calcium carbonate. Th e value of pHsis calculated based on the concentrations o
39、f calcium, alkalinity, and dissolved ions, and temperature.45. Log removal value (LRV): A measure of the removal e ectiveness of a parameter expressed as the log 10 of the concentration in the feed minus the log 10 of the concentration in the fi ltrate or product. For example, given a 10-fold reduct
40、ion in a concentration, such as from 200 in the feed to 20 in the fi ltrate, the LRV equals 1.46. Maintenance wash: See chemical wash.47. Manufacturer: Th e party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces materials or products.48. Material safety data sheet (MSDS): Documents obtained or developed b
41、y chemical manufacturers and importers concerning each hazardous chemical they produce or import, describing information for safe transport, handling, and use. Employers are required to have a material safety data sheet in the workplace for each hazardous chemical that they use.49. Maximum instantan
42、eous fl ux (MIF): Th e maximum fl ux at any time or temperature during operations. Units of measurement are the same as for fl ux.50. Membrane: An engineered material designed to remove solids (dis-solved or suspended) that are rejected from the system as either backwash or a concentrate stream and
43、that produces a stream containing less solute or par-ticles (the product, fi ltrate, or permeate stream). Membrane types in this standard include electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), microfi ltration (MF), ultrafi ltration (UF), nanofi ltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Other
44、defi ni-tions are more restrictive, including the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water b110-09.indd 6 2/2/2010 2:24:21 PMCopyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.MEMBRANE SYSTEMS 7Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR), which defi nes membrane fi ltration as a pressure- or vacuum-driven
45、 separation process in which particulate matter larger than 1 m is rejected by a nonfi brous engineered barrier.51. Membrane cleaning system: Tanks, fi ltration devices, pumps, and asso-ciated equipment and appurtenances that are periodically used to prepare and feed chemical solutions to the membra
46、ne element(s) to recover lost performance.52. Microfi ltration (MF): Membrane fi ltration process with pore diameter nominally in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 m that provides at least 3 log removal of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, or similar-sized 3-m surrogate materials based on challenge test
47、ing per USEPA Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual dated November 2005.53. Module: Th e smallest component of a membrane unit in which a spe-cifi c membrane surface area is housed in a device with a feedwater inlet, fi ltrate, and concentrate or backwash outlet structure.54. Molecular weight cuto (MW
48、CO): Th e rating of a membrane based on the size of uncharged solutes it will reject. Also referred to as nominal molecular weight cuto (NMWCO). Typically expressed in Daltons.55. Nanofi ltration (NF): Membrane fi ltration process that removes dis-solved constituents from waterincluding dissolved or
49、ganics, color, calcium and magnesium (hardness) ions, and other ions. NF membrane elements typically exhibit a nominal organic molecular weight cuto in the range of about 200 to 500 Daltons, and sodium chloride rejection 0 to 95 percent. NF is similar to RO with the key di erence being that NF has lower sodium chloride rejection than RO, and it exhibits more selectivity in the types of ions that are removed such that NF allows a comparatively higher percentage of monovalent ions to pass to the permeate than multivalent ions.56. Net driving press
