1、ANSI/AWWA B408-10 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B408-03) AWWA Standard Effective date: Aug. 1, 2010. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 31, 1993. This edition approved June 20, 2010. Approved by American National Standards Institute June 14, 2010. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denver
2、, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterLiquid Polyaluminum Chloride Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ii AWWA Standard This document is an A
3、merican Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated
4、by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standard
5、s is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory
6、 service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official noti
7、ce. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ameri- can National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National
8、 Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are ca
9、utioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertis- ing and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American Natio
10、nal Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be take
11、n to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New Y
12、ork, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excer
13、pts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2010 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum
14、Salts, and Related Coagu lant Aids, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: John P. Corless, Chair General Interest Members M.B. Alvarez, CH2M HILL Inc., Orlando, Fla. (AWWA) K.K. Au, Greeley & Hansen, Chicago, Ill. (AWWA) S.C. Clark,* HDR Engi
15、neering, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) J.D. Edwards, Burgess & Niple Inc., Columbus, Ohio (AWWA) J.J. Gemin, AECOM, Kitchener, Ont. (AWWA) P.H. Hargette, Black & Veatch Engineers, Greenville, S.C. (AWWA) C.B. Lind, Mauser Corporation, East Brunswick, N.J. (AWWA) J.W. Patterson, J.W. Patterson Environmental C
16、onsultants, Silverthorne, Colo. (AWWA) S.J. Posavec,* Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) L.W. VandeVenter, AECOM, Wakefield, Mass. (AWWA) B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) Producer Members J.P. Crass, General Chemical Corporation, Ventura, Calif. (AWWA) J.M. Gonzalez, PVS Tech
17、nologies Inc., South New Berlin, N.Y. (AWWA) D.E. Gordon, QC Corporation, Baltimore, Md. (AWWA) L.N. Hjersted, Agro Iron, Lakeland, Fla. (AWWA) B. Keogh, Dundas, Ont. (AWWA) J.J. Pavlicek, Kemira Water Solutions, Detroit, Mich. (AWWA) K.E. Ruehl, General Chemical Corporation, Ballwin, Mo. (AWWA) G.
18、Shull, Kemira Water Solutions, Yantis, Texas (AWWA) Users Members T.A. Barber Jr., Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Ga. (AWWA) J.P. Corless, Rockville, Md. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Alternate Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv L.V. Landry, City of Shreveport, Shreve
19、port, La. (AWWA) C.A. Owen, Tampa Bay Water, Clearwater, Fla. (AWWA) J.S. Trotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind. (AWWA) Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variati
20、ons from this format may be found in a particular standard. Foreword I Introduction vii I.A Background . vii I.B History . viii I.C Acceptance . viii II Special Issues . x II.A Storage and Handling Precautions . x III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modifi
21、cation to Standard . xi IV Major Revisions xi V Comments . xi Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Materials . 3 4.2 Physical Requirements . 3 4.3 Chemical Requirements 3 4.4 Impurities 3 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 4
22、5.2 Test ProceduresGeneral . 4 5.3 PACl Content as Percent Al . 5 5.4 PACl Content as Percent Al 2 O 3 Benchmark Method 8 5.5 PACl Basicity 9 5.6 Product Turbidity 11 5.7 Chloride 11 5.8 Notice of Nonconformance . 16 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 16 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 17 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance
23、 17 Tables 1 PACl Basicity Sample Size Guideline 10 2 Temperature Corrections for Volumetric Solution 13 SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii Fo
24、reword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B408. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. This standard covers a variety of products based on the chemistry of aluminum salt solutions, where polyaluminum oligomers become the predominant and defining form of the aluminum cat
25、ion. The characteristics of the corresponding anion in these oligomer products, although more commonly entirely chloride, may be instead sulfate or even some ratio of these two anions in combination. There are, additionally, formulations of these products wherein a polymer (organic polyelectrolyte)
26、is blended in with inorganic oligomers to provide enhancements of specific functionalities. This standard will focus on polyaluminum chloride (PACl) productsas they are the predominant presentation of this chemistrycommercially available as liquids in the United States and Canada. This standard cove
27、rs liquid PACl for use in municipal and industrial water supplies. As a note, certain parts of this standard may be used wholly, or in part, to aid the user and producer to define and measure a specific related product chemistry being offered, though only as is appropriate and mutually agreed on bef
28、orehand by both the purchaser and supplier/manufacturer. Given these conditions, it may be necessary for the purchaser to acquire and utilize additional or different information and methodologies from that offered in this standard to allow the proper management of products in this group. Some inorga
29、nic coagulants are mixed with polymers to produce blends. Polyaluminum chloride is a misnomer, however, because these products contain a mixture of polymers (actually aggregates of oligomers) of aluminum chloride hydrox- ide (Chemical Abstract Service CAS No. 1327-41-9) with the empirical formula Al
30、 n(OH) m Cl (3nm)for 0 m 3n. At least the following five CAS numbers, 1327-41-9, 10284-64-7, 14215-15-7, 39290-78-3, and 12042-91-0, have been used for various types of PACl. Basicity (hydroxyl number) refers to the average number of hydroxide ions per aluminum atom in the PACl molecules or m/n. In
31、some PACl products, an anion other * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Characterization of Inorganic Coagulant/Polymer Blends Using Refractive Index and Specific Gravity Measurements. 2004. Polyelectrolytes Standards Committee Report, B.S.
32、Johnson, Chair. J. AWWA 96:170. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii than chloride, such as sulfate, may also be present, but this anion should be present in much lower concentrations than the chloride ion if the product is being sold as PACl. The basicity of PAC
33、l products can range from 0 to 2.5, though the basicity should not be 0 if the product is being sold as PACl. The basicity is converted to “percent basic- ity” using the following formula: percent basicity = (OH/Al) 100 3 Where: Al and OH are expressed as moles/liter The values for percent basicity
34、of liquid PACl products can range from about 10 to 83.3. The basicity of the product does not necessarily relate directly to product performance, so the highest basicity may not give the best performance in a particular application. Polyaluminum chloride products contain varying amounts of PACl, the
35、 concentra- tion of which is conventionally expressed as “percent by weight as Al” or “percent as Al.” The range of PACl content in PACl products is about 2.5 to 13 percent as alumi- num (5 to 25 percent as Al 2 O 3 ). Polyaluminum chloride can be commercially manufactured from a number of aluminum-
36、containing raw materials, including aluminum metal, alumina trihydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, and combinations of these. The products can contain by-product salts, such as sodium/calcium/magnesium chloride or sulfate, depending on the manufacturing process. The presence of these salts
37、 is not harmful to product performance or to those handling the product. Recognizing that the purity of PACl can vary with the manufacturing process, the purchaser should ask the supplier for information concerning potential impurities. This standard provides methods for analysis of active PACl expr
38、essed in percent as aluminum (or Al 2 O 3 ), percent basicity, turbidity, and specific gravity. I.B. History. In 1988, the AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Coagulant Aids organized a subcommittee to prepare a standard for PACl products. The first draft of the stand
39、ard was reviewed in 1989, and the final draft was approved in 1992. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA B408, Standard for Liquid Polyaluminum Chloride, was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 31, 1993. The second edition was approved on June 21, 1998. The third edition was approved on June 1
40、9, 2003. This edition was approved June 20, 2010. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop volu
41、ntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation) and the Conference of State Health an
42、d Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local age
43、ncies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF
44、/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or ac
45、credit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for subs
46、tances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guide- lines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical,
47、 depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B408 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.4 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.4.2 is a recommenda- tion only for direct add
48、itives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate author
49、ity having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2010 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.x to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determin
