1、AWWA Standard SM Potassium Hydroxide Effective date: July 1, 2017. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 17, 1990. This edition approved Jan. 14, 2017. Approved by American National Standards Institute Oct. 16, 2016. ANSI/AWWA B511-17 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B511-10) Copyright 2017 A
2、merican Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally conta
3、ined in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or
4、 product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a
5、consensus of the water industry that the product described will provide satisfactory ser- vice. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal American Water Works Association. The action becomes e
6、ffective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
7、 Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,
8、processes, or proce - dures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cau- tioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibilit
9、y in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANS
10、I approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive curren
11、t information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or emailing infoansi.org. hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoi
12、ng product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-225-2 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-422-7 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/1
13、0.12999/AWWA.B511.17 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes
14、, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2017 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals, which developed and
15、 approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Clyde R. Dugan, Chair General Interest Members W.J. Conlon, Parsons Corporation, Tampa, Fla. (AWWA) N.E. McTigue,* EE Jan. 23, 2000; Jan. 16, 2005; and Jan. 17 , 2010. This edition was approved on Jan. 14, 2017. I.C. Accep
16、tance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of
17、 the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation* (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States
18、, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products,
19、state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF : NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in c
20、ertifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review
21、 and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an * Water Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the Un
22、ited States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
23、. ix unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B511 addresses additives requirements in Sec
24、. 4.3.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.3 is a recommenda - tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited c
25、ertification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdi
26、ction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify prod- ucts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Iss
27、ues. II.A. Handling Precautions. Handling of all forms of potassium hydroxide involves several extreme hazards. Considerable heat is generated in the solution or dilution process; therefore, the rate of dilution and the method of cooling should be carefully controlled to prevent boiling or splatteri
28、ng of the liquid. Potassium hydroxide by itself is noncombustible. However, contact with moisture or water may generate sufficient heat to ignite combustible materials. Potassium hydroxide is highly soluble in water at ambient temperature with a solubility of 1.21 kg/L at 25C (77F). Both dry and liq
29、uid forms rapidly absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. KOH solutions in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 percent by weight are irritating on skin or body contact, and higher concentrations are corrosive. Potassium hydroxide can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes; therefore, workers ha
30、ndling it must wear complete protective equipment, including chemical safety goggles. If the possibility of exposure to potassium hydroxide is high, for example during unloading operations, a full-face shield should also be worn. Nonaluminum hard hats are recommended for protection from overhead lea
31、ks and splashes. Boots and gloves should be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or neoprene. Outer clothing should be made of cotton or from suitable synthetic materials such as butyl rubber, natural rubber, nitrile, PVC, or Tychem (potassium hydroxide destroys wool and leather). A neoprene apron will
32、provide additional protection. If the possibility of exposure is high, full suits of neoprene or polyvinyl chloride are recommended. Shirts Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x should have long sleeves and snug-fitting cuffs. The collars should be buttoned. Trouser
33、 bottoms should extend over boot tops. KOH reacts with ammonium salts to produce ammonia and may cause fire. It also reacts violently with acids and is corrosive to most metals in moist air and in solutions with liberation of combustible/explosive hydrogen gas. It attacks some types of plastics, rub
34、ber, and coatings. A full-face-piece respirator approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) for dusts and mists should be worn when handling dry potassium hydroxide. Emergency shower and eyewash units should be loc
35、ated near feeding and pumping equipment, where potassium hydroxide is sampled, and where tank cars or trucks are unloaded. Refer to the safety data sheets (SDSs) available from the vendor or manufac- turer for additional information. III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of
36、 an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be provided by the purchaser. 1. Standard usedthat is, ANSI/AWWA B511, Potassiu
37、m Hydroxide, of latest revision. 2. Quantity of potassium hydroxide required. 3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 4. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Section 4). 5. T ype of materialdry or liquid
38、 (Sec. 4.2). If dry is ordered, whether ground, flake, crystal, beaded, prilled, or other is desired. 6. For liquid potassium hydroxide, the minimum percentage of potassium hydroxide (Sec. 4.2.2). 7. Whether the purchaser will reject product from containers or packaging with missing or damaged seals
39、. The purchaser may reject product from bulk containers or packages with missing or damaged seals unless the purchasers tests of representative samples, conducted in accordance with Sec. 5.2, demonstrate that the product meets the standard. Failure to meet the standard or the absence of, or irregularities in, seals may be sufficient cause to reject the shipment. 8. Whether alternative security measures have been adopted to replace or aug- ment the security measures set out in Sec. 6.2.5 and 6.2.6. Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
