1、ANSI/AWWA B702-18 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B702-11) AWWA Standard SM Sodium Fluorosilicate Effective date: July 1, 2018. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 27, 1954. This edition approved Jan. 20, 2018. Approved by American National Standards Institute Feb. 27, 2018. Copyright 2018
2、American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally cont
3、ained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or
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5、onsensus of the water industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following
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9、 produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution Notice : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at a
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11、ds Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900; or e-mailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-296-2 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-477-7DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.B702.18 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or tra
12、nsmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including scanning, recording, or any information or retrieval system. Reproduction and commercial use of this material is prohibited, except with written permission from the publisher. Copyright 2018 by American Water Works Association
13、 Printed in USA If you are interested in using any part of this publication for training, creating a derivative work, or for any commercial use, written permission from AWWA is required. Please send your request to permissionsawwa.org. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Rese
14、rved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: H.C. Liang, Chair Gus Navar, Secretary General Interest Members K. Duchon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
15、 N.J. Edman, *Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. R. Hampaul, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Vancouver, B.C., Canada H.C. Liang, Tetra Tech, Denver, Colo. C. Marcos, Northeast Pump & Instrument, Lunenburg, Mass. M.L. Wentink, Nebraska Health and Human Services Drinking Water Progra
16、m, North Platte, Neb. Producer Members T. L. Fitzgerald, SA Services, LLC, Spring, Tex. J.W. Fulcher, Univar Specialties, Charlotte, N.C. R.L. Horne, Pennco Inc., San Felipe, Tex. M.E. Looney, Solvay Fluorides, Houston, Tex. M.T. Merlo, BHS Specialty Chemical Products, Nampa, Idaho G. Navar, The Mos
17、aic Company, Lithia, Fla. User Members P . Devlin, Peterborough Utilities Group, Peterborough, Ont., Canada M.B. Gilton, T urlock, Calif. L.J. Hammes, Ames Water & Pollution Control Department, Ames, Iowa D.J. Huggins, City of London Water Operations, London, Ont., Canada E.A. Moreno, Gentle Family
18、Dentists, West Liberty, Iowa S. Rezania, City of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minn. J.S. T rotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind. C. Wheland, T roy Dept. of Public Utilities, T roy, N.Y. * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This pa
19、ge intentionally blank. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Foreword I Introduction. . vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance viii II Special Issues . ix II.A Storage, Handling, and Safety Precautions ix III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchase
20、r Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modification to Standard xi IV Major Revisions . xi V Comments xi Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope. 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Requirements 3 4.3 Impurities 4 5 Verifi
21、cation 5.1 Sampling . 6 5.2 Test Procedures 7 5.3 Notice of Nonconformance . 10 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 10 6.2 Packaging and Shipping 11 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance or Certified Analysis . 12 Appendix A Sodium Fluorosilicate: Contaminants . 13 Tables 1 Maximum Allowed Concentrations of Impurities in
22、Sodium Fluorosilicate . 5 2 Impurity Analytical Methods . 9 A.1 Sodium Fluorosilicate: Contaminants . 13Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Copyright 2018 American Wa
23、ter Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B702. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Community water fluoridation is
24、an effective, safe, and relatively inexpensive way to prevent tooth decay. Sodium fluorosilicate (Na 2 SiF 6 ) is one of several compounds presently being added to drinking water to reduce the incidence of dental cavities. Since the first fluoridation installations during 1945, studies have shown th
25、at this method of fluoride delivery benefits Americans of all ages and socioeconomic status. Dental decay can be reduced by 2040 percent among persons who have consumed fluoridated water since birth. Sodium fluorosilicate is a white or yellowish-white, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline powder with l
26、imited solubility in water. Although odorless, it has an acid taste. Sodium fluorosilicate has no true melting point, but decomposition begins at about 500C (932F) with the formation of silicon tetrafluoride. Its formula weight is 188.05, and its specific gravity is 1.36. The solubility of Na 2 SiF
27、6in water is 0.43 g/100 mL at 0C (32F) and 2.45 g/100 mL at 100C (212F). It hydrolyzes in water to form a solution with a pH between 3.5 and 4.0. Sodium fluorosilicate is manufactured principally from fluorosilicic acid. Sodium fluorosilicate is fed into water using mechanical feeders designed for t
28、his purpose. The feeders are equipped with solution tanks that should completely dissolve the compound before its introduction into the water. Liquid proportioning of solutions is rarely used because of the difficulty in making constant-strength solutions. It is not recommended to feed slurries (sol
29、utions containing undissolved particles) because of the resulting variations in fluoride levels. Refer to AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, for additional technical information concerning the application and use of sodium fluorosilicate. I.B. History. This standard was fir
30、st published in the August 1954 issue of Journal AWWA as tentative, having been approved on May 27, 1954, by the AWWA Board of Directors. Subsequent revisions to ANSI/AWWA B702 were approved on May 15, 1960, Jan. 24, 1971, Jan. 30, 1984, Jan. 29, 1989, Jan. 30, 1994, June 20, 1999, and Feb. 12, 2006
31、. The last edition was prepared by the AWWA Standards * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, AWWA, Denver, Colo. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
32、 viii Committee on Fluorides and approved on June 12, 2011. This edition was approved on Jan. 20, 2018. I.C. Acceptance. Products that are covered by this standard should have certification in accordance with NSF/ANSI Standard 60 and documentation on conformational testing to ANSI/AWWA B702 criteria
33、. Conformational testing to ANSI/AWWA B702 should be provided by the supplier to the consumer with each lot delivered. It is recommended that the consumer also conduct independent validation testing to confirm the conformational testing by the producer. Certification of product quality in accordance
34、 with NSF/ANSI Standard 60 should be indicated for each lot delivered and provided to the consumer by the supplier in accordance with Standard 60 requirements. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International
35、(NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation *(formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (C
36、OSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In April 1990, USEPA formally withdrew its list of acceptable drinking water additives, and regulatory oversight of direct and indirect drinking water additives passed
37、 to the process developed by the consortium under the leadership of NSF . In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state
38、. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF: NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Wa
39、ter System ComponentsHealth Effects. NSF , in cooperation with ASDWA, does a biennial survey of US states and Canadian provinces/territories to determine which states and provinces/territories require by legislation, regulations, or policies that products and drinking water additives be evaluated *
40、Water Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
41、ix by NSF/ANSI 60 and 61. Survey results from 2009 show adoption of NSF/ANSI 60 by 47 states and nine provinces/territories, and adoption of NSF/ANSI 61 by 46 states and 11 provinces/territories. Several organizations are accredited by national or international third-party agencies to certify produc
42、ts in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. States, provinces/territories, local agencies, and water utilities can determine which certification organizations are acceptable within their individual jurisdictions. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a tota
43、l allowable concentration (TAC) or a single product allowable concentration (SPAC) value of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The TACs and SPACs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (n
44、oncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B702 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to res
45、idual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. Sec. 4.3.3 recommends that material covered by this standard be certified by an accredited agency for compliance with NSF/ANSI 60. As noted above, most states and provinces/territories require that direct additives be certified to NSF/ANSI 60. A u
46、ser of this standard should consult with the state, province/territory, or local agency having jurisdiction for certification requirements, but the user may require certification even in the absence of such a requirement by the agency having jurisdiction. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage, Handling,
47、 and Safety Precautions. Sodium fluorosilicate must be stored in a clean, dry location. The storage area must be well ventilated. Sodium fluorosilicate has a tendency to compact or cake when exposed to moisture, when bags are stacked too high, or during long periods of storage. Bags of sodium fluoro
48、silicate should be stored on pallets in stacks not more than six bags high to minimize compaction. Sodium fluorosilicate is hazardous if swallowed or inhaled in large amounts. Ingestion of 45 g of fluoride ion (F ) per 150 lb (68 kg) of body weight may be fatal. The inhalation of sodium fluorosilica
49、te dust should be avoided. Protective safety gear should be worn when handling sodium fluorosilicate. The following list of protective clothing and equipment should be the minimum available: Copyright 2018 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x 1. A high-efficiency dust respirator (chemical mask) with a soft rubber face-to- mask seal and replaceable cartridges approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA). * 2. Gauntlet neoprene gloves (12-in. 305-mm minimum gl
