1、M17 Fire Hydrants: Installation, FieldTesting, and Maintenance Manual of Water Supply Practices Fifth EditionPrinted on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water pr
2、ofessionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PR
3、ACTIESM17, Fifth Edition Fire Hydrants: Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance Copyright 1970, 1980, 1989, 2006, 2016 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ
4、ing photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the
5、 content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those i
6、ncurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Technical Editor: Jenifer Walker Production: TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc. Manuals Coordinator: Mindy Burke If you find errors in this man
7、ual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. ISBN-13 978-1-62576-019-7 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-279-7iii AWWA Manual M17 Foreword
8、 v Acknowledgments vii List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Chapter 1 A Brief History of Fire Hydrants .1 Origins 1 Iron Pipe and Permanent Access Points 2 Development of Dry-Barrel Hydrants 3 Recent Developments 4 Chapter 2 Dry-Barrel Hydrants: Definitions and Preferred Nomenclature .7 Types of Dry
9、-Barrel Hydrants 7 Special Hydrants 9 Construction Terms for Dry-Barrel Hydrants 13 Installation Terms for Dry-Barrel Hydrants 14 Nomenclature for Dry-Barrel Hydrant Components 14 Auxiliary Components for Dry-Barrel Hydrants 18 Miscellaneous And Obsolete Hydrant Terms 20 Chapter 3 Wet-Barrel Hydrant
10、s: Definitions and Preferred Nomenclature .21 Wet-Barrel Hydrants 21 Special Hydrants 22 Construction Terms for Wet-Barrel Hydrants 22 Installation Terms for Wet-Barrel Hydrants 22 Nomenclature for Wet-Barrel Hydrant Components 23 Auxiliary Components for Wet-Barrel Hydrants 25 Miscellaneous and Obs
11、olete Hydrant Terms 25 Chapter 4 Inspection, Installation, Testing, and Placing the Hydrant in Service.27 Inspection Prior to Installation 27 Installation 28 Testing 32 Placing the Hydrant in Service 34 Chapter 5 Maintenance 35 Uses of Hydrants 35 Special-Use Concerns 36 Inspection 36 Lubrication 39
12、 Repairs 39 Record Keeping 41 Contentsiv AWWA Manual M17 Chapter 6 Flow Tests .49 Terms Used in Flow Testing 49 Personnel and Equipment for Flow Tests 50 Office Planning Prior to Field Testing 51 Field Procedure for Flow Tests 52 Cautions to Be Observed When Field Testing 53 Dechlorination Regulatio
13、ns 54 Warning About Rigid Diverters 54 Determining Available Flow 54 Appendix A Illustrated Guide to Dry-Barrel and Wet-Barrel Hydrants . 63 Bibliography 135 Index 137 List of Manuals 145v AWWA Manual M17 This manual was prepared by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fire Hydrants. It is intended for u
14、se by persons responsible for the installation, operation, and maintenance of dry-barrel and wet-barrel fire hydrants. It is the fifth revision of the original manual, which was published in 1970. The diversity of hydrants and the detailed maintenance procedures recommended by specific manufacturers
15、 make it difficult to develop a text that is both comprehensive and concise. Therefore, this manual is intended for use as a supplement to detailed information available from specific hydrant manufacturers. It is the judgment of the committee that the major purpose and func- tion of a fire hydrant i
16、s public fire protection. Usually, the hydrant is the property or responsibility of the water utility. However, during fire emer- gencies the hydrant is operated by members of a fire department rather than by water utility personnel. The use of a fire hydrant as a source of water for street cleaning
17、, construction projects, or for any purpose other than firefighting is outside the primary purpose for which a hydrant is installed. Such uses should be rigidly restricted and controlled in the interest of keeping the fire hydrant in good working order for firefighting. Those using fire hydrants for
18、 purposes other than firefighting are reminded that there are other water quality issues that should be consid- ered. For example, fire hydrants have been exempted from the 0.25% lead provisions and should take appropriate precautions. The water utility, unless expressly relieved of its responsibili
19、ty by the fire department in accordance with a written agreement, public ordinance, or other ownership, should schedule regular and sufficiently frequent inspections of hydrants to ensure they are in good working condition. Additional AWWA publications on hydrants include ANSI/AWWA C502, Standard fo
20、r Dry-Barrel Fire Hydrants, and ANSI/AWWA C503, Standard for Wet-Barrel Fire Hydrants. The bulk of the material in this manual refers to hydrants claimed by the respective manufacturers to be manufactured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C502 and ANSI/ AWWA C503; however, information is also included on
21、 hydrants that are not intended to comply with these standards, such as high-pressure and flush-type hydrants. Installation practices described are consistent with ANSI/AWWA C600, Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances. ForewordThis page intentionally blank.vii AWWA Manual
22、M17 Ideal crop marks The AWWA Standards Committee on Fire Hydrants gratefully acknowledges the contri- butions made by members of the M17 Subcommittee in preparing this manual. The com- mittees efforts in developing this manual answer the need in the industry for expanded information on fire hydrant
23、s. Todd Martin Alcott, Chair T.M. Alcott, Waterous Company, South St. Paul, Minn. T.C. Harbour, Clow Valve Company, Oskaloosa, Iowa R. Looney, American AVK Company, Minden, Nev. S.D. Osborne, OSD, LLC, Lexington, Mass. D.W. Qualls, Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Texas K.J. Wright, EJ USA, Inc., Eas
24、t Jordan, Mich. This manual was reviewed and approved by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fire Hydrants. Members of that committee, at the time of approval, were as follows: Sean D. Osborne, Chair General Interest Members E.E. Arasmith, ACR Publications, Inc., Albany, Ore. R. L. Larkin, Gardendale, A
25、la. M.D. Tennenbaum, Underwriters Laboratory, Los Angeles, Calif. J. Maun, Insurance Services Office Inc., Jersey City, N.J. S.D. Osborne, OSD, LLC, Lexington, Mass. D. M. Flancher,* Standards Liaison, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. M.P. Yoke, Anniston, Ala. S. Ziobro, FM Approvals,
26、 West Glocester, R.I. Producer Members T.M. Alcott, Waterous Company, South St. Paul, Minn. D.E. Burczynski, Kennedy Valve, Elmira, N.Y. T.C. Harbour, Clow Valve Company, Oskaloosa, Iowa L.W. Fleury Jr., Mueller Group, Smithfield, R.I. T.R. Ingalls, EJ USA, Inc., East Jordan, Mich. R.L. Larkin, Gard
27、endale, Ala. R. Looney, American AVK Company, Minden, NV. T.J. Mettler, Waterous, South St. Paul, Minn. J.H. Wilber, American AVK, Littleton, Colo. K.J. Wright, EJ USA, Inc., East Jordan, Mich. * Liaison Alternate AcknowledgmentsAWWA Manual M17 viii Acknowledgments User Members T. Corrigan, Des Moin
28、es Water Works, Des Moines, Iowa E. Hernandez, Denver Water, Denver, Colo. K.S. Jeng-Bulloch, PWE City of Houston, Houton, Texas B. Kellsey, Epcor Water Services Inc., Edmonton, Alta. J.W. Kingsbury III, Fairfax Water, Fairfax, Va. B.A. Shelton, Montgomery Water Works and Sanitary Board, Montgomery,
29、 Ala. M.K. Stankovich, City of Haverhill, Haverhill, Mass. D.W. Qualls, Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Texas L.G. Thomas, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif. ix AWWA Manual M17 Figure 1-1 Fire-plug arrangement with canvas cistern .2 Figure 1-2 Ball hydrant, patented about 18492 Fig
30、ure 1-3 Standpipe inserted directly into main socket 3 Figure 1-4 Sluice-valve-type hydrant with two outlets .4 Figure 2-1 Compression-type hydrant, opens against pressure 8 Figure 2-2 Compression-type hydrant, opens with pressure 9 Figure 2-3 Toggle-type hydrant 10 Figure 2-4 Slide-gate hydrant 11
31、Figure 2-5 Flush hydrant 12 Figure 2-6 Frost-jacket hydrant .12 Figure 2-7 High-pressure pilot-valve hydrant 13 Figure 2-8 Composite dry-barrel breakaway type hydrant upper barrel: compression packing gland type 15 Figure 2-9 Composite dry-barrel hydrant upper barrel; compression O-ring seal type .
32、16 Figure 2-10 Bolt-on independent hose gate valves . 19 Figure 2-11 Thread-on independent hose gate valves . 19 Figure 3-1 Composite wet-barrel hydrants .23 Figure 3-2 Examples of break-off check valves .25 Figure 4-1 Typical dry-barrel hydrant installation 29 Figure 4-2 Typical wet-barrel hydrant
33、installation 30 Figure 4-3 Examples of hydrant restraints 33 Figure 5-1 Examples of fire hydrant security devices 37 Figure 5-2 Fire hydrant master record .43 Figure 5-3 Hydrant maintenance report 44 Figure 5-4 Fire hydrant inspection report .45 Figure 5-5 Flow test report .46 Figure 5-6 Hydrant tes
34、t report 47 Figure 6-1 Pitot tube in position for flow reading 50 Figure 6-2 Suggested flow-test locations . 51 Figure 6-3 Outlet-nozzle coefficients 52 FiguresThis page intentionally blank.xi AWWA Manual M17 Table 4-1 Color scheme to indicate flow capacity 31 Table 6-1 Discharge for circular outlet
35、s 2 1 4 in. through 2 11 16 in. with outlet-nozzle coefficient 0.90 (gpm) 56 Table 6-2 Discharge for circular outlets 4 1 4 in. through 4 11 16 in. with outlet-nozzle coefficient 0.90 (gpm) 58 Table 6-3 Equation and Table for computing fire flow test results .60 Table 6-4 Table for pumper outlet coe
36、fficients . 61 TablesThis page intentionally blank.1 AWWA MANUAL M17 Chapter 1 A Brief History of Fire Hydrants This chapter is based, in part, on an article that appeared in the September 1944 Journal AWWA (36:9:928). The drawings in this chapter are also taken from that article. ORIGINS Before the
37、re were water distribution systems, water for fighting fires was available only from natural sources, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, or from cisterns or barrels filled with water. The first large water distribution systems were built during the sev- enteenth century in cities such as London and B
38、oston. Over the course of many years, as the needs of growing populations became more sophisti- cated and complex, distribution systems were improved. Pipe materials improved, portable standpipes and valves were incorporated, and, even- tually, the forerunners of modern fire hydrants were used. Lond
39、ons first water distribution system was built sometime in the early seventeenth century. In the United States, several water systems were built before or about the time of the American Revolution. Bostons water system was built around 1652, and others were built in the latter part of the eighteenth
40、century. The earliest water mains were made by boring out logs; the mains were then buried. When water was needed for fighting fires, a hole was dug to expose the pipe, and a hole was bored into the pipe wall. Water collected around the pipe and was conducted by buckets or through a hose directly to
41、 the fire or to a pump. After use, the hole in the pipe was plugged with a tapered piece of woodhence the 2 FIRE HYDRANTS: INSTALLATION, FIELD TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE AWWA Manual M17 term fire plug, which has persisted to this day. The location of the pipe hole was marked so that if neccessary, the
42、 plug could be found and removed quickly. IRON PIPE AND PERMANENT ACCESS POINTS When cast-iron pipe replaced bored logs as water mains in the early part of the nine- teenth century, it became impractical to bore random holes in pipes to gain access to water. Instead, fittings with openings, or tees,
43、 were installed at intervals along the pipe. Wooden plugs were still used to close the openings, but firefighters no longer had to dig to find them. An iron shield with a removable cover that extended from the tee to the grounds surface provided ready access to the plug. At first, portable canvas ta
44、nks or cisterns were commonly used to collect the water that spewed out when a plug was removed (Figure 1-1). Soon, however, portable standpipes came into use. After the plug was removed, one end of the standpipe was inserted into the tee; a hose connected to the other end of the standpipe carried w
45、ater to the pump. Further development of this system in England resulted in a ball hydrant, in which a ball in an iron chamber was attached to the water-main opening (Figure 1-2). Water Figure 1-1 Fire-plug arrangement with canvas cistern Figure 1-2 Ball hydrant, patented about 1849A BRIEF HISTORY O
46、F FIRE HYDRANTS 3 AWWA Manual M17 pressure held the ball against a seat; after the portable standpipe had been attached, a rod could be used to force the ball down and open the valve. Later, this hydrant was modified by replacing the ball with a spring-loaded valve element, which would remain closed
47、 even if water pressure was negligible. These hydrant designs were the forerunners of the most popular hydrant in North America today: the dry-barrel compression hydrant. With the early style, a portable stand- pipe was transported to the fire scene and attached to an accessible main connection belo
48、w the street surface (Figure 1-3). Early dry-barrel compression hydrants were also commonly used in England and certain other countries. Permanent connections in iron pipe led to other developments as well. One such development consisted of a valve installed belowground, usually in a horizontal bran
49、ch of the water main. A rod for actuating the valve extended to just below the ground surface, where it was accessible, and an elbow could be attached to the valve outlet. In one version, the elbow terminated in a connection to which a portable standpipe could be attached; in another, it terminated in a hose connection to permit direct hookup of the hose. DEVELOPMENT OF DRY-BARREL HYDRANTS In North America, the use of plug-type hydrants and early modifications proved trouble- some because of the freezing temperatures to which they were exposed in northern cit- ies. To pro
