1、Manual of Water Supply PracticesM22Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marksThird EditionM22Sizing Water Service Lines and Meters, Third EditionM22M22, Sizing Water Service Lines and Meters, third edition, contains information needed to estimate customer demand and maximum expected flow that can be used to
2、size new service lines and meters. This new edition expands the ways to approach the sizing of water service lines and meters and offers improved methods for the sizing of dedicated irrigation meters. M22 includes a useful field method called demand profiling that can be used to evaluate actual cust
3、omer use patterns and help optimize meter size selection.The data presented in M22 were obtained from field measurements, utility surveys, technical publications, and hydraulic design calculations. This manual emphasizes that having more information about a specific sizing situation will result in t
4、he best sizing decisions from the tap to the meter. This information has been condensed into a simplified format to assist readers in addressing most common service conditions. The methods contained in this manual are appropriate for water utility managers, engineers, planners, technicians, field op
5、erations personnel, and consultants involved with designing and constructing projects requiring water service.1P7C 30022-3E (8/14) IWDedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to
6、improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life.Sizing Water ServiceLines and MetersM22_cover.indd 1 8/28/2014 11:59:59 AMThird EditionManual of Water Supply PracticesM22Sizing Water Service Lines and MetersCopyright 2014 American Water Works A
7、ssociation. All Rights Reserved.Manual of Water Supply PracticesM22, Third EditionSizing Water Service Lines and MetersCopyright 1975, 2004, 2014 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
8、or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThe authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for
9、the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but no
10、t limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource-development-groups
11、/manuals-program.aspx.Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Senior Manuals Specialist: Molly BeachSenior Production Editor: Cheryl ArmstrongLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSizing water service lines and meters / editors Peter W. Mayer, Colleen M. Arnold, Bradfo
12、rd P. Brainard. - Third edition.pages cm. - (Manual of water supply practices ; M22)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-62576-027-2 (alk. paper) - ISBN 978-1-61300-286-5 (eISBN) 1. Water consumption-Measure -ment. 2. Water-pipes. 3. Water-meters. 4. Water-Distribution-Planning.
13、I. Mayer, Peter W., editor. II. Arnold, Colleen M., editor. III. Brainard, Bradford P., editor. IV. American Water Works Association. TD499.S59 2014628.144-dc232014028029American Water Works Association6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80235-3098awwa.orgPrinted in the United States of AmericaISBN: 9
14、78-1-62576-027-2 eISBN: 978-1-61300-286-5hours of work by your fellow water professionals.Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supportsongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution,either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hindersAWWAs mission to support the water community.
15、This AWWA content is the product of thousands ofCopyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iiiContentsAWWA Manual M22List of Figures, vList of Tables, viiPreface, ixAcknowledgments, xiChapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Overview, 1M22 Target Audience, 1Updates, 1AWWA Manuals Related to Metering and Service Lines, 5Chapter 2 Consumer Water Demands, Trends, and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Introduction, 7Water-Use Trends, 8Water Use Patterns, 10References, 12Chap
17、ter 3 Meter Sizing Using Customer Usage Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Accurately Measuring Customer Usage, 13Recorder Design, 15Recording Data, 22Using Customer Usage Data, 25Reference, 27Chapter 4 Estimating Demands Using Fixture Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . 29Introduction, 29Using the Modified Fixture-Value Method, 37References, 44Chapter 5 Sizing Service Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Introduction, 45Data Required, 46Head Loss, 48Performing Sizing Calculations, 59Reference
19、s, 65Chapter 6 Sizing and Type Selection for the Customers Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Introduction, 67Revenue Implications, 67System Components Policy Review, 68Water Meter Selection, 69Meter Arrangements for Fire Services, 74Summary, 75References, 75Appendix A, 77Appendix B, 83Copyrigh
20、t 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv AWWA Manual M22SIZING WATER SERVICE LINES AND METERSIndex, 109List of Manuals, 119Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vAWWA Manual M22Figures3-1 Flow recorder and water meter, 143-2 Flow recorder stores
21、a demand profile from a 3-in. water meter, 173-3 10-sec data storage interval, 183-4 60-sec data storage interval, 183-5 300-sec data storage interval, 193-6 A and B1-min and 4-min data storage intervals, 203-7 Compound adapter and sensor, 213-8 Recording demand profiles from large compound meters m
22、ay require an adapter, 213-9 Verification of data accuracy, 233-10 Presentation options, 243-11 Flow data from an apartment building served by oversized 8-in. turbine meter, 254-1 Peak-flow demand of typical customer categories, 324-2 Water-flow demand per fixture value, 334-3 Water-flow demand per
23、fixture value, 334-4 City of Phoenix meter-sizing table, 364-5 City of Tucson Water meter-sizing criteria, 384-6 Example of a kitchen faucet flow chart, 394-7 Variations in flow from garden hoses due to pressure changes, 425-1 Head loss versus flow curves, 565-2 Head loss from water main to customer
24、, 605-3 Steps for determining pipe, meter, and other fittings sizes, 615-4 Compound-meter pressure drop versus head loss curves, 635-5 RPBP assembly pressure drop versus flow curves, 635-6 Hydraulic model used to determine head loss, 656-1 Some common arrangements for service lines and meters, 74A-1
25、 Meter specifications screen, 78A-2 Customer information screen, 79A-3 Initial results screen, 81A-4 Graphic analysis screen, 81Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank.Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viiA
26、WWA Manual M22Tables2-1 National fixture standards, 92-2 Per-capita residential indoor use, 112-3 Average per-account consumption and monthly peaking factors* for selected customer types in San Francisco Bay area, 124-1 Comparative peak-flow demand for 100-unit apartment, 324-2 Examples of typical f
27、ixture values based on tested pressures, 344-3 Example of fixture value adjustment for pressure, 404-4 Sample apartment domestic demand calculation, 404-5 Service-line size and maximum irrigated turf area, 445-1 Actual internal diameter versus nominal diameter, 505-2 Minor loss k-values, 525-3 Minor
28、 loss through meters, 535-4 Minor loss through backflow preventers, 585-5 Service-line sizing calculation spreadsheet, 646-1 AWWA meter standards, 706-2 Typical uses for each type of meter classification, 72B-1 Copper water tube propertiesC=130 in. nominal diameter, 83B-2 Copper water tube propertie
29、sC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 84B-3 Copper water tube propertiesC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 85B-4 Copper water tube propertiesC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 85B-5 Copper water tube propertiesC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 86B-6 Copper water tube propertiesC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 86B-7 Copper water
30、 tube propertiesC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 87B-8 Copper water tube propertiesC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 88B-9 Copper water tube propertiesC=1304 in. nominal diameter, 88B-10 Copper water tube propertiesC=1305 in. nominal diameter, 89B-11 Copper water tube propertiesC=1306 in. nominal diameter, 9
31、0B-12 Copper water tube propertiesC=1308 in. nominal diameter, 90B-13 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipeC=130 in. nominal diameter, 91B-14 PVC pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 91B-15 PVC pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 92B-16 PVC pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 93B-17 PVC pipeC=1302 in. nominal diamete
32、r, 93B-18 PVC pipeC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 94B-19 PVC pipeC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 94B-20 PVC pipeC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 95B-21 PVC pipeC=1304 in. nominal diameter, 96B-22 PVC pipeC=1305 in. nominal diameter, 96B-23 PVC pipeC=1306 in. nominal diameter, 97B-24 PVC pipeC=1308 in. nominal
33、 diameter, 98B-25 Polyethylene pipe (PE)C=130 in. nominal diameter, 99B-26 PE pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 100Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii AWWA Manual M22SIZING WATER SERVICE LINES AND METERSB-27 PE pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 100B-28 PE pipeC=13
34、01 in. nominal diameter, 101B-29 PE pipeC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 101B-30 PE pipeC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 102B-31 Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipeC=130 in. nominal diameter, 0.625, 102B-32 PEX pipeC=130 in. nominal diameter, 0.75, 103B-33 PEX pipeC=130 in. nominal diameter, 0.875, 103B-34
35、 PEX pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 1.125, 104B-35 PEX pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 1.375, 104B-36 PEX pipeC=1301 in. nominal diameter, 1.625, 105B-37 PEX pipeC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 2.125, 106B-38 PEX pipeC=1302 in. nominal diameter, 2.625, 106B-39 PEX pipeC=1303 in. nominal diameter, 3.
36、125, 107Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ixPrefaceAWWA Manual M22The American Water Works Association published the first edition of M22, Sizing Water Service Lines and Meters, in 1975. The manual was the first effort to provide guid-ance to the water industry on
37、sizing water meters and services to meet the objectives of water utilities and their customers. The AWWA Distribution and Plant Operations Division recognized that the manual was in need of an update to incorporate changes in water demands that have occurred over the past 10 years and to offer a met
38、hod for sizing dedicated irrigation meters that aligns with practices used by the Irrigation Association. In 1995, a manual revision subcommittee was established to review the existing manual and begin the process of developing an updated version and incorporating the impacts of existing technology
39、into this sizing process. The efforts of that subcommittee resulted in the second edition (2004) of the meter and service-line sizing manual. In 2010, the Cus-tomer Metering Practices Committee formed a subcommittee to begin work on the third edition (2014) of M22. The subcommittee met regularly ove
40、r a three-year period to com-plete the most recent update.This manual provides guidance on sizing water meters and service lines to meet the objectives of water utilities and their customers. The information in this manual can be used to estimate customer demand and maximum expected flow at a site,
41、and this can be used to appropriately size a new service line and meter. This manual includes a useful field method called demand profiling that can be used to evaluate actual customer use pat-terns and help optimize meter size selection. The data presented in the manual were obtained using a variet
42、y of methods includ-ing: field measurements, utility surveys, technical publications, and hydraulic design cal-culations. This information has been condensed into a simplified format to assist readers in addressing most common service conditions. However, water and building systems are unique, and t
43、here may be complex meter and service sizing situations that are beyond the scope of this manual.Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank.Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xiAcknowledgmentsAWWA Manual M22The
44、 members of the M22 subcommittee who were involved with updating the third edition of M22 include: Chair, Peter W. Mayer, Water Demand Management, Boulder, Colo.Colleen M. Arnold, Aqua America, Bryn Mawr, Pa.Bradford P. Brainard, Master Meter Inc., Hinesburg, Vt.Steven G. Buchberger, University of C
45、incinnati, Cincinnati, OhioAndrew Chastain-Howley, Black however, outdoor use is more variable and subject to the impacts of the prevailing climate. As average temperatures increase, the water requirement of landscapes will also increase, which could result in increased irriga-tion demands. Such cha
46、nges are difficult to predict, and regional differences in water sup-ply and climate are likely to have a significant impact on water use. Toilets now available in the United States use dual-flush technology to reduce water use to only 0.8 gal/flush on one setting and 1.6 gal/flush on another settin
47、g. As a general rule, in the United States, most single-family residential demands occur below 8 gpm, with the peaking demand typically below 25 gpm. Higher peak single-family residential demands may occur in properties located in arid climates or with larger lot sizes (i.e., greater than 10,000 ft2
48、). Nonresidential UseImproved Efficiency In the nonresidential sector, commonly called commercial, industrial, and institutional, or CII, water demand trends are more difficult to predict because of the wide variety of land uses, manufacturing processes, and inherent site-specific differences. As de
49、mand stresses existing water supply sources, as the cost of water increases, and as incentives are provided to reduce demand, there will be increased efforts to ensure that water is used as efficiently as possible. The general trend, therefore, is toward increased efficiencies of use and perhaps lower peak demands versus historical norms. Some recent trends to improve nonresidential water use efficiency include: (1) increasing cooling system efficiencies;
