1、Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water AWWA MANUAL M24 Third EditionMANUAL OF WATER SUPPL Y PRACTICES M24, Third Edition Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water Copyright 1983, 1994, 2009 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repr
2、oduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contri
3、butors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particula
4、r, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager/Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong Ma
5、nuals Coordinator: Beth Behner Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Planning for the distribution of reclaimed water. 3rd ed.p. cm. (Manual of water supply practices; M24)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-726-91. Water reuse. I. American Water Works Associa
6、tion.TD429.P556 2009628.162dc222009002142 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Ave. Denver, CO 80235 Printed on recycled paperContents iii List of Figures, v List of Tables, vii Preface, ix Acknowledgments, xi Dedication, xiii Chapter 1 Introducti
7、on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Definitions, 1 History, 2 Potential Drivers for Dual Distribution Systems, 3 Sources of Nonpotable Water, 5 Potential Uses for Nonpotable Water, 5 Nonpotable-Water Reuse Legislation, 6 References, 8 Chapte
8、r 2 Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Existing State Regulations, 10 Treatment, Quality, and Monitoring Equipment, 13 References, 28 Chapter 3 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Genera
9、l Planning Concepts, 31 Reclaimed-Water Supply, 34 Reclaimed-Water System Types, 42 Development of Distribution System Options, 44 Implementation, 45 Conclusions, 46 References, 47 Chapter 4 Engineering Design Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Sources, 49 Wastewater, 49
10、Supply Variations, 50 Treatment for Reclaimed Water, 52 References, 55 Chapter 5 Engineering Design Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Demand Management, 57 System Hydraulic Modeling, 58 Design Components, 59 Storage, 62 Safeguards, 66 References, 72iv Chapter 6 Management
11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Introduction, 73 Management Philosophy, 73 Protecting Public Health, 74 System Policies and Procedures, 77 Developing the Nonpotable Infrastructure, 79 Understanding Customer Needs and Requirements, 82 Establ
12、ishing a Viable Customer Base, 85 Service Connections, 85 System Operations and Maintenance, 87 Reference, 89 Chapter 7 Financial/Economic Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Overview, 91 Economic Factors, 91 Institutional Issues, 97 References, 98 Index, 99 List
13、of AWWA Manuals, 103v Figures Figure 1-1 El Tovar Lodge in Grand Canyon Village, Ariz. . 2 Figure 1-2 Crop irrigation with reclaimed water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 1-3 Irrigation with reclaimed water at a North Carolina golf course 6 Figure 1-4 Firef
14、ighter using reclaimed water 6 Figure 3-1 Centralized reclamation facility. 34 Figure 3-2 Decentralized (satellite) reclamation facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 3-3 Cedar Bay Power Plant (Jacksonville, Fla.) is provided reclaimed water for cooling 41 Figure 3-4 Du
15、al distribution system for a new community . 44 Figure 4-1 Potable- and nonpotable-water usemonthly historic demand variation, St. Petersburg, Fla 51 Figure 4-2 Satellite reclamation plant in residential area. 54 Figure 5-1 Purple pipes for reclaimed-water distribution system 60 Figure 5-2 Line tap
16、into reclaimed-water line. 61 Figure 5-3 Reclaimed-water meter box 63 Figure 5-4 Reclaimed-water valve box 63 Figure 5-5 St. Petersburg, Fla., reclamation plant . 65 Figure 5-6 Storage tank for reclaimed water . 65 Figure 5-7 Backflow-prevention device between reclaimed water and alternative source
17、of nonpotable water 67 Figure 5-8 Neighborhood sign noting use of reclaimed water 68 Figure 5-9 Notice of use of reclaimed water by facility 69 Figure 5-10 Typical urban utility pipe separations 70 Figure 6-1 Cemetery watered with reclaimed water. 84 Figure 6-2 A baseball field maintained with recla
18、imed water .84 Figure 6-3 Xeriscape watered with reclaimed water at a high school 84 Figure 7-1 Water reuse marketing mix 94 Figure 7-2 Creating a water reuse market 94This page intentionally blank.This page intentionally blank. Tables Table 2-1 Uses of reclaimed water 10 Table 2-2 Summary of state
19、reuse regulations and guidelines for nonpotable reuse applications 11 Table 2-3 Number of states with regulations or guidelines for each type of nonpotable-water reuse 13 Table 2-4 Examples of State Water Reuse Criteria for Selected Nonpotable Applications 15 Table 2-5 USEPA suggested guidelines for
20、 nonpotable reuse of municipal wastewater 23 Table 3-1 Typical survey form to ascertain interest in water reuse . 33 Table 3-2 Urban water demand categories . 37 Table 3-3 Urban water demands as a percentage of average daily use 38 Table 3-5 Potential reuse demands 39 Table 5-1 Projected reuse deman
21、ds for Raleigh, N.C., reclaimed-water system. 58 Table 5-2 Utility separation regulations and standards from various states 71 Table 6-1 Attributes and management requirements for typical reclaimed-water applications 74 Table 6-2 Guidelines for workers safety . 88 viiThis page intentionally blank.Th
22、is page intentionally blank. Preface ix This publication is the second revision of the original AWWA Manual M24, Dual Water Systems, published in 1983. The title has been changed to Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water to better represent the content of the manual. The manual provides in
23、formation on the planning and design of dual distribution systems for properly treated reclaimed water (nonpotable water) for applications that do not require potable-quality water. The distribution of reclaimed water through the use of dual water distribution sys- tems, one for potable water and th
24、e other for nonpotable water, is becoming an accepted practice. The main reasons for this are diminishing supplies of high-quality water resources, rapidly escalating costs for developing new sources or for treating poor-quality water to potable-water standards, and the increasing costs involved in
25、discharging wastewater to the environment. When faced with the task of developing additional water sources, community water utility managers and design engineers are increasingly evaluating the potential for distribut- ing reclaimed water to serve their communitys needs. Developing a reclaimed-water
26、 distri- bution system may be less costly and less wasteful than existing practices that use potable water for purposes that do not require high-quality water. Properly treated and distributed nonpotable water, as defined herein, can safely be used for irrigation, industrial applications, and a wide
27、 range of other nonpotable urban purposes, including toilet flushing in high-rise commercial and residential buildings. These practices conserve limited high-quality water for drinking, cooking, and other uses requiring potable water. Although several states have established regulations for the dist
28、ribution and use of nonpotable water, national standards (although there are guidelines) have not been established. The AWWA Water Reuse Committee, which prepared this manual, provides this information for water systems wishing to distribute reclaimed water. Water utilities should consult state and
29、local regulatory agencies before designing a nonpotable water distribution system. State and local regulations may impose requirements differing from the recommendations in this manual. These requirements must be followed to ensure system compliance.This page intentionally blank.This page intentiona
30、lly blank. Acknowledgments xi This third edition of the AWWA Manual M24 Planning for the Distribution of Re- claimed Water was prepared by members of the Water Reuse Committee of the AWWA Water Resources and Sustainability Division. Alan Rimer of Black & Veatch and Daniel Okun, Professor Emeritus of
31、 the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill served as coeditors. There were many contributors to this manual. Some wrote full sections, while others contributed extensively by providing materials for the manual and/or through their thorough review of the document. Specifically, the following we
32、re primarily responsible for various chapters of the manual: Chapter 1Dr. Dan Okun, UNC CH (retired), Chapel Hill, N.C. Chapter 2Dr. James Crook, Environmental Engineering Consultant, Norwell, Mass. Chapters 3 and 6Dr. Alan Rimer, Black & Veatch, Cary, N.C. Chapter 4Don Vandertulip, CDM, San Antonio
33、, Texas Chapter 5Andy Richardson, Greeley and Hansen LLC, Phoenix, Ariz. David Ammerman, Lee Cesario, and Craig Riley provided a wealth of new informa- tion. Fred Bloetscher, Lee Cesario, John Morris, Craig Riley, Adriano Vieira, and Gary Yamamoto supplied excellent editorial guidance on the final d
34、ocument. AWWA staff, including Bill Lauer and Beth Behner, was instrumental in moving this publication along and providing editorial guidance. Others who participated in the continuing review process included Timothy Bosetti, Jim Cathcart, Kevin Conway, Daniel Horne, and Toby Roy. A special thanks t
35、o Jim Crook and Gary Grinnell, past Chairs of the Water Reuse Committee when this revision of the manual began and who provided the original impetus to begin the revisions. This manual was reviewed and approved in 2004 by the Water Reuse Committee, which at the time had the following personnel. Comm
36、ittee members are listed with cur- rent affiliations (2009) unless otherwise requested. James Crook, Chair Gary K. Grinnell, Vice Chair R.E. Adamski, Gannett Fleming Inc., Locust Valley, N.Y. J.T. Aguinaldo, Doosan Hydro Technology, Tampa, Fla. Carolyn Ahrens Wieland, Booth, Ahrens & Werkenthin P.C.
37、, Austin, Texas Walter Backstrom, Woodinville, Wash. C.D. Baker, The Subsidence District, Friendswood, Texas Robert Bandarra, Sr., HDR Engineering Inc., Bellevue, Wash. J.R. Bratby, Brown and Caldwell, Centennial, Colo. Phil Carter, City of Greeley, Water and Sewer, Greeley, Colo. Brad Castleberry,
38、Lloyd, Gosselink, et al., Austin, Texas V.K. Chaudhry, Delhi, India James Crook, Norwell, Mass. Shivaji Deshmukh, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, Calif. K.N. DiNatale, DiNatale Water Consultants Inc., Boulder, Colo. J.D. Edwards, Austin Water Department, Austin, Texas G.K. Grinnell, L
39、as Vegas Valley Water District, Las Vegas, Nev. G.C. Harrell, Woodinville Water District, Woodinville, Wash. P.M. Hecht, CH2M Hill, Newport News, Va. D.J. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.xii T.R. Holliman, Associated Engineers Inc., Chino Hills, Calif. Sarah Holmgren, Montgomery
40、Watson, Walnut Creek, Calif. D.B. Horne, Virginia Departmaent of Health, Office of Drinking Water, Norfolk, Va. Jo Ann Jackson, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan Inc., Winter Park, Fla. F.J. Johns, Tetra Tech EC Inc., Lakewood, Colo. L.J. Johnson, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif. Chr
41、istine Kirchhoff, Ann Arbor, Mich. W.C. Lauer, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. J.A. Mele, ADS Environmental, Cream Ridge, N.J. L.K. Moody, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. J.T. Morris, Morris Water Resources, San Marino, Calif. W.L. Nero, CH2M Hill, Orlando, Fla. D.A.
42、Okun, Carrboro, N.C. Patricia Renaud, Suez Environment Dore-Cirsee, Le Pecq, France C.L. Riley, Washington State Department of Health, Spokane, Wash. A.E. Rimer, Black & Veatch, Cary, N.C. T.G. Sands, Salt River Project, Phoenix, Ariz. R.E. Schenk, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., Austin, Texas Steve Seto
43、odeh, El Dorado Irrigation District, Placerville, Calif. T.R. Slifko, Los Angeles County Sanitation District, Whittier, Calif. K.A. Thompson, CH2M Hill, Englewood, Colo. A.J. von Gottberg, Koch Membrane Systems Inc., Cambridge, Mass. Ken Weinberg, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif.
44、D.W. York, Tallahassee, Fla. This manual was developed under the guidance of the Water Resource Sustainability Division (formerly the Water Resources Division), which included the following personnel at the time of approval (2008): Frederick Bloetscher, Chair Carolyn Ahrens Wieland, Booth, Ahrens &
45、Werkenthin P.C., Austin, Texas Kimberly Ajy, River to Tap, Roswell, Ga. Frederick Bloetscher, Florida Atlantic University, Hollywood, Fla. J.A. Cathcart, HDR Engineering Inc., Irvine, Calif. A.D. Deister, Brown and Caldwell Environmental Engineers, Rancho Cordova, Calif. R.W. Gullick, Environmental
46、Engineering & Technology, Berlin, N.J. Elise Harrington, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. J.W. Miller, Everett Public Works Dept., Everett, Wash. L.K. Moody, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. M.P. Robinson, Jr., Malcolm Pirnie Inc., Newport News, Va.Dedication AWWA Manua
47、l M24, Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water, is dedicated to Dr. Daniel A. Okun, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan professor of environmental engineering. For several decades, Dr. Okun was a leading advocate for the use of reclaimed water and the development of dual dist
48、ribution systems to convey that water. Dr. Okun advanced the engineering of such systems by advocating for their planning in the early stages of the development of new communities and their expansion into existing communities. He sug- gested new design concepts, new piping materials, and the broader
49、 use of reclaimed water, including for fire protection for communities. The engineering community and all those whom Dr. Okun worked with or taught are far better engineers because of his lasting influence. xiii The late Professor Emeritus Dr. Daniel A. OkunThis page intentionally blank.1 AWWA MANUAL M24 Chapter 1 Introduction Since 1983, when the first edition of this American Water Works Association (AWWA) man- ual was published, many water and wastewater facilities, communities, authorities, states, and countries have implemented dual water distribution systems, along
