1、 Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems AWWA MANUAL M32 Third Edition Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Manual of Water Supply Practices M32, Third Edition Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems Copyright 1989, 2005, 2012, American Water Works As
2、sociation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without t
3、he written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arisin
4、g out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. AWWA Publications Mana
5、ger: Gay Porter De Nileon Project Manager/Copy Editor: Melissa Valentine Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robinson, Laredo.Computer modeling of water distribution systems / by Laredo Robinson, Jerry A. Edwards, Lin
6、dle D. Willnow.p. cm. - (AWWA MANUAL M32)Rev. ed. of: Computer modeling of water distribution systems. 2005.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-864-8 (alk. paper) 1. Water-Distribution. 2. Network analysis (Planning) I. Edwards, Jerry A. II. Willnow, Lindle D. III. Title.
7、TD491 .A49 no. M32 2005TD481628.144-dc232012002982 American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 ISBN 978-1-58321-864-8 Printed on recycled paper Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Fore
8、word, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Distribution System Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Purpose of the Manual, 2 1.3 Historical Development of Distribution System Modeling, 2 1.4 Distribution System Modeling Applications, 4 1.
9、5 Hydraulic Models, 8 1.6 Distribution System Modeling Within the Utility, 11 1.7 Trends, 12 1.8 Summary, 15 1.9 References, 15 Chapter 2 Building and Preparing the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2.1 Introduction, 17 2.2 Planning the Hydraul
10、ic Model Construction and Development Process, 19 2.3 Data Sources and Availability, 24 2.4 Physical Facilities Development, 30 2.5 Demand Development, 45 2.6 Operational Data, 53 2.7 Hydraulic Model Maintenance, 57 2.8 References, 62 Chapter 3 Tests and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1 Introduction, 65 3.2 Planning Field Tests and Preparation, 66 3.3 Water Distribution System Measurements, 67 3.4 Water Distribution System Testing, 76 3.5 Data Quality, 83 3.6 References, 84 Chapter 4 Hydraulic Cali
12、bration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.1 Introduction, 85 4.2 What is Calibration? 85 4.3 Steady-S tate Calibration, 94 4.4 EPS Calibration, 98 4.5 References, 102 Chapter 5 Steady-State Simulation . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.1 Introduction, 103 5.2 System Performance Analyses, 104 5.3 System Design Criteria, 111 5.4 Developing System Improvements, 120 5.5 Continuing Use of the Model, 123 5.6 References, 123 iii Copyri
14、ght 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 6 Extended-Period Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.1 Introduction, 125 6.2 Input Data for Hydraulic EPS Modeling, 126 6.3 Extended-Period Simulation S
15、etup, 129 6.4 Extended-Period Model Calibration, 136 6.5 Types of Extended-Period Simulation Analyses, 136 6.6 Case Study: City of Fullerton, California, 143 6.7 References, 146 Chapter 7 Water Quality Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.1 Introduction, 147 7.2 Need for Water Quality Modeling, 147 7.3 Uses of Water Quality Modeling, 148 7.4 Water Quality Modeling Techniques, 149 7.5 Governing Principles of Water Quality Modeling, 149 7.6 Reactions Within Pipes and Storage Tanks, 151 7.7 Computational Metho
17、ds, 151 7.8 Data Requirements, 152 7.9 Modeling of Multiple Species, 155 7.10 Objectives of Water Quality Testing and Monitoring, 156 7.11 Monitoring and Sampling Principles, 156 7.12 Water Quality Surveys, 158 7.13 Use of Historical Data, 162 7.14 Tracer Studies, 162 7.15 Tank and Reservoir Field S
18、tudies, 163 7.16 Laboratory Kinetic Studies, 164 7.17 Water Quality Modeling and Testing Case Study, 165 7.18 References, 170 Chapter 8 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.1 Synopsis, 173
19、 8.2 Introduction, 173 8.3 Causes of Transients, 176 8.4 Basic Pressure Wave Relations, 183 8.5 Governing Equations, 189 8.6 Numerical Solutions of Transients, 190 8.7 Methods of Controlling Transients, 191 8.8 Transient Modeling Considerations, 195 8.9 Data Requirements, 197 8.10 Summary, 199 8.11
20、Glossary of Notations, 200 8.12 References, 201 Chapter 9 Storage Tank Mixing and Water Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.1 Introduction, 203 9.2 Types of Tanks and Reservoirs, 204 9.3 Background, 204 9.4 Factors Affecting Water Quality , 205 9.5 Types
21、 of Modeling, 207 9.6 Model Verification, 212 9.7 Strategies to Promote Mixing and Reduce Water Age, 215 9.8 References, 217 Index, 219 List of Manuals, 231 iv Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Figures Figure 1-1 The process from model build to analysis 3 Figure 2
22、-1 Basic hydraulic model structures 21 Figure 2-2 Overview of a sustainable modeling process . 23 Figure 2-3 Moody Diagram 36 Figure 2-4 GIS detail versus model detail 39 Figure 2-5 Pump curve . 40 Figure 2-6 Nodes in close proximity . 43 Figure 2-7 Pipe-split candidates 43 Figure 2-8 Intersecting p
23、ipes 44 Figure 2-9 Disconnected nodes . 44 Figure 2-10 Parallel pipes 45 Figure 2-11 Disconnected pipes . 45 Figure 2-12 Diurnal curve 52 Figure 3-1 Chart of pressure logger system pressures 68 Figure 3-2 Hand-held Pitot gauge 69 Figure 3-3 Hand-held Pitot gauge in use . 70 Figure 3-4 Three general
24、types of hydrant outlets . 71 Figure 3-5 Diffuser with pressure logger . 71 Figure 3-6 Traverse positions within a pipe 72 Figure 3-7 Typical velocity profiles at two different gauging points . 72 Figure 3-8 Schematic of a strap-on flowmeter. 72 Figure 3-9 Schematic of propeller flowmeter and pictur
25、e of turbine flowmeter 73 Figure 3-10 Existing Venturi tube . 74 Figure 3-11 Typical Venturi tube with manometer 75 Figure 3-12 Magnetic meter 75 Figure 3-13 Fire flow test configuration. 77 Figure 3-14 Parallel hose method for head loss. 79 Figure 3-15 Gauge method for head loss 79 Figure 3-16 Pump
26、 tests 81 Figure 3-17 Hydraulic gradient layout 82 Figure 3-18 Hydraulic gradient test 82 Figure 4-1 Steady-state flow calibration . 97 Figure 4-2 Steady-state HGL calibration. 97 Figure 4-3 EPS hourly peaking factors . 100 Figure 4-4 EPS water level calibration . 101 Figure 5-1 Idealized maximum da
27、y diurnal demand curve . 105 Figure 5-2 Pump rating curve versus system head curve. 115 Figure 5-3 Multiple pump rating curves 115 Figure 5-4 Pump efficiency curve . 116 Figure 5-5 Equalization storage requirements for maximum day conditions . . .117 Figure 5-6 Storage allocation . 118 Figure 5-7 Ty
28、pes of storage and elevation . 119 Figure 6-1 Using SCADA data in EPS models . 133 v v Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vi Figure 6-2 Examples of typical diurnal demand patterns for different use categories 134 Figure 6-3 Example system diurnal pattern and compon
29、ent patterns 135 Figure 6-4 Example utility demands versus time . 137 Figure 6-5 Example of storage versus production for existing conditions, Case 1. 139 Figure 6-6 Example of storage versus production with new production, Case 2. 139 Figure 6-7 Example of storage versus production with loss of sup
30、ply, Case 3. 139 Figure 6-8 Example of storage versus production with fire fighting, Case 4 141 Figure 6-9 Example of storage versus production with pumping curtailment, Case 5. 142 Figure 6-10 Example of storage versus production with supplemental power, Case 6. 142 Figure 6-11 Location map for Ful
31、lerton case study. 145 Figure 7-1 Illustration of water quality model equilibration 153 Figure 7-2 Example results from thermistor study showing temperature variation in tank 164 Figure 7-3 Protocol for chlorine decay bottle test . 165 Figure 7-4 Skeletonized representation of Zone I of the North Ma
32、rin Water District 167 Figure 7-5 Comparison of observed and modeled sodium concentrations in the North Marin Water District . 168 Figure 7-6 Average percent of Stafford Lake water in the North Marin Water District 169 Figure 7-7 Comparison of observed and modeled chlorine residual in the North Mari
33、n Water District . 170 Figure 8-1 Example steady-state transition after a period of rapid transients 176 Figure 8-2 Transient caused by pump shutdown . 177 Figure 8-3 Transient caused by pump startup . 178 Figure 8-4 Transient caused by rapid valve opening 179 Figure 8-5 Transient caused by rapid va
34、lve closure . 179 Figure 8-6a Rupture caused by valve closure (Superaqueduct of Puerto Rico) . 179 Figure 8-6b Damaged pump bowl. 180 Figure 8-6c Broken air admission valve . 180 Figure 8-7 Varying pipeline profiles 181 Figure 8-8 Network schematic 182 Figure 8-9 Pressure surge fluctuations (field m
35、easurements) following routine pump shutdown 183 Figure 8-10 Pressure wave propagation in a pipe 183 Figure 8-11 Effect of a pipe junction on a pressure wave 186 Figure 8-12 Condition at a control element before and after action 187 Figure 8-13 Wave propagation in a pipe section considering friction
36、. 189 Figure 8-14 Flywheels to be installed in a large pump station 193 Figure 8-15 Typical locations for various surge protection devices 195 Figure 8-16 Flowchart for surge control in water distribution systems. 196 Figure 8-17 Representative valve closure characteristics 198 Figure 8-18 Typical p
37、ump four quadrant characteristics (Suter curve). 199 Figure 9-1 Schematic representation of various types of empirical models. 210 Figure 9-2 Tank water age calculated by an empirical model assuming complete mixing 210 Figure 9-3 Effect of thermal differences for tall tank 213 Copyright 2012 America
38、n Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Figure 9-4 Effect of thermal differences for short tank. 213 Figure 9-5 Effect of operational and design changes. 214 Figure 9-6 Water age distribution . 214 Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentiona
39、lly blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix Tables Table 2-1 C-factor values for discrete pipe diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 2-2 Equivalent sand grain roughness for various pipe materials . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 2-3 Typical minor loss coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Table 2-4 Operation data required by facility/equipment type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 5-1 T
41、ypical model scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Table 6-1 System physical parameters for extended-period simulation analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Table 8-1 Physical properties of common pipe materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Table 9-1 Example modifications to improve tank mixing characteristics . . . . . . . . 21
43、5 ix Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Foreword The Engineering Modeling and Applications Committees (EMAC) mission is to assem- ble and disseminate information on
44、 the use of modeling, geographic information system (GIS), and data management in the design, analysis, operation, and protection of water sys- tem infrastructure. The committee was formed in 1982 as the Computer Assisted Design of Water Systems Committee and was renamed the Engineering Computer App
45、lications Committee and eventually modified to its current name. The committee consists of vol- unteers, a liaison from the Engineering and Construction Division, and an AWWA staff advisor. EMAC develops programs for the AWWA Annual Conference and specialty confer- ences, manuals, and other document
46、s. The purpose of M32, Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, is to share collective expertise on distribution system modeling so that it is better understood and applied more effectively to benefit water utilities and water customers. The manual is intended to be a basic level or primer r
47、eference manual to provide new to intermediate modelers with a basic foundation for water distribution system modeling. M32 is intended to take users through the modeling process from model development through calibration to system analysis. The manual has in-depth discussion on Model construction a
48、nd development Field data collection and testing Model calibration Steady-state analysis Extended-period simulation Water quality analysis Transient analysis Tank mixing analysis M32 is designed to help modelers use water models as effective tools to plan, design, operate, and improve water quality
49、within their water distribution systems. There have been many advancements in the computer modeling field, and together with emerging issues of the water industry, the main goal of the M32 manual update is to focus on key areas that face the current modeler and utility. Key objectives of the update have been to Reorganize the manual for better flow Change the manual to address recent changes in the water modeling in- dustry Expand the manual to include key topics more relevant to todays modelers The EMAC is responsible for updat
