1、Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems Manual of Water Supply Practices M32 Ideal crop marks 30032 (12/17) IW www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important resource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to i
2、mprove public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. C omputer modeling is a water utilitys most powerful tool for managing and operating a water distribution system. This fourth edition of M32 Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, descri
3、bes how to build accurate water distribution system models and use models to manage assets and solve hydraulic and water quality problems.The manual discusses how to use models to: Predict pressures and flows Evaluate layouts and designs Solve operating problems Investigate control schemes Size comp
4、onents Develop new or improve existing flushing programs Prioritize asset maintenance, rehabilita- tion, and replacement efforts Calculate energy costs Improve water qualityThis edition has been updated to reflect significant changes in computer modeling and the water industry. It has more informati
5、on on asset management, and new chapters on model maintenance and advanced modeling applications (e.g., system reliability and real-time modeling). M32 Compuer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, Fourth Edition Fourth Edition Ideal crop marks www.awwa.org Dedicated to the worlds most important r
6、esource, AWWA sets the standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy. AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life. 30032-4E (12/17) IW M32Ideal crop marks Computer Modeling of Water D
7、istribution Systems Fourth Edition M32 Manual of Water Supply Practices Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org Manual of Water Supply PracticesM32, Fourth Edition Computer Modeling
8、of Water Distribution Systems Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitt ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in th
9、e form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the writt en permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for
10、direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed
11、 the amount paid for the purchase of this book. If you nd errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www. awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Senior Managing Editor/Project Manager: Melissa Valentine Cover art: Melanie
12、Yamamoto Production: Janice Benight Manual Specialist: Sue Bach Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cooper, James P., author. | Robinson, Laredo. Computer modeling of water distribution systems. | American Water Works Association, issuing body. Title: M32 computer modeling of w
13、ater distribution systems / by James P. Cooper. Other titles: Computer modeling of water distribution systems Description: Fourth edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association, 2018 | Revised edition of: Computer modeling of water distribution systems / by Laredo Robinson, Jerry A. Edward
14、s, Lindle D. Willnow. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identi ers: LCCN 2017049002 | ISBN 9781625762528 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Water-Distribution-Data processing. | Network analysis (Planning)-Data processing. Classi cation: LCC TD481 .C66 2018 | DDC 628.1/440285-dc23 LC record
15、 available at htt ps:/lccn.loc.gov/2017049002 Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13 978-1-62576-252-8 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-439-5 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M32 iii Contents Acknowledgments, xiii List of Figures, vii Li
16、st of Tables, xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Distribution System Modeling .1 1.1. Introduction, 1 1.2. Purpose of This Manual, 2 1.3. Historical Development of Distribution System Modeling, 3 1.4. Distribution System Modeling Applications, 5 1.5. Hydraulic Models, 8 1.6. Trends, 12 1.7. Summary, 13 1.
17、8. Additional Resources, 14 Chapter 2 Building and Preparing the Model .17 2.1. Introduction, 17 2.2. Planning the Hydraulic Model Construction and Development Process, 19 2.3. Data Sources and Availability, 23 2.4. Physical Facilities Development, 30 2.5. Demand Development, 46 2.6. Operational Dat
18、a, 54 2.7. References, 58 2.8. Additional Resources, 58 Chapter 3 Hydraulic Tests and Measurements .61 3.1. Introduction, 61 3.2. Field TestingPlanning and Preparation, 62 3.3. Water Distribution System Measurements, 69 3.4. Water Distribution System Testing, 79 3.5. Data Quality, 87 3.6. References
19、, 88 Chapter 4 Hydraulic Calibration 91 4.1. Introduction, 91 4.2. What Is Calibration?, 91 4.3. Steady-State Calibration, 102 4.4. EPS Calibration, 105 4.5. References, 110 4.6. Additional Resources, 110 Chapter 5 SteadyState Simulation .113 5.1. Introduction, 113 5.2. System Performance Analyses,
20、114 5.3. System Design Criteria, 118 5.4. Developing System Improvements, 127 5.5. References, 129 5.6. Additional Resources, 130 Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M32 Chapter 6 Extended-Period Simulation .131 6.1. Introduction, 131 6.2. Extended-Perio
21、d Simulation Basics, 133 6.3. Extended-Period Simulation Setup, 137 6.4. SCADA Information, 142 6.5. Modeling Controls, 145 6.6. Extended-Period Model Calibration, 147 6.7. System Evaluations With Extended-Period Simulations, 149 6.8. Special Types of Extended-Period Simulation Analyses, 156 6.9. Ad
22、ditional Resources, 159 Chapter 7 Water Quality Modeling 161 7.1. Introduction, 161 7.2. Need for Water Quality Modeling, 162 7.3. Uses of Water Quality Modeling, 162 7.4. Water Quality Modeling Techniques, 163 7.5. Governing Principles of Water Quality Modeling, 164 7.6. Reactions Within Pipes and
23、Storage Tanks, 165 7.7. Computational Methods, 166 7.8. Data Requirements, 166 7.9. Modeling of Multiple Species, 170 7.10. Objectives of Water Quality Testing and Monitoring, 171 7.11. Monitoring and Sampling Principles, 171 7.12. Water Quality Surveys, 173 7.13. Use of Historical Data, 177 7.14. T
24、racer Studies, 177 7.15. Tank and Reservoir Field Studies, 181 7.16. Laboratory Kinetic Studies, 182 7.17. Water Quality Modeling and Testing Case Study, 183 7.18. References, 189 Chapter 8 Storage Tank Mixing and Water Age 191 8.1. Introduction, 191 8.2. Types of Tanks and Reservoirs, 192 8.3. Back
25、ground, 192 8.4. Factors That Affect Water Quality in Tanks, 193 8.5. Types of Tank Modeling, 195 8.6. Tank Model Verification, 202 8.7. Strategies to Promote Mixing and Reduce Water Age, 202 8.8. References, 206 Chapter 9 Model Maintenance .207 9.1. Introduction, 207 9.2. Reasons for Model Maintena
26、nce, 208 9.3. Model Maintenance Plan, 210 9.4. Model Update Frequency, 212 9.5. Change Notification, 215 9.6. Data Source Integration, 217 9.7. Automated Model Update, 219 9.8. Return on Investment in Modeling, 220 9.9. Case Studies, 223 v COMPUTER MODELING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Copyright 20
27、17 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M32 Chapter 10 Transient Analysis 233 10.1. Synopsis, 233 10.2. Introduction, 234 10.3. Causes of Transients, 236 10.4. Basic Pressure Wave Relations, 245 10.5. Governing Equations, 254 10.6. Numerical Solutions of Transients, 255
28、 10.7. Methods for Controlling Transients, 255 10.8. Transient Modeling Considerations, 261 10.9. Transient Model Input Data Requirements, 263 10.10. Transient Model Calibration, 266 10.11. Summary, 267 10.12. Glossary of Notations, 268 10.13. References, 269 Chapter 11 Advanced Modeling Application
29、s .273 11.1. Introduction, 273 11.2. Reliability and Criticality, 273 11.3. System Rehabilitation and Prioritization, 274 11.4. Pump Energy Management, 275 11.5. Pressure Zone Management, 275 11.6. Flushing, 276 11.7. Nonrevenue Water and District Meter Areas, 277 11.8. Real-Time Modeling, 278 11.9.
30、 Optimization for Planning and System Operations, 279 11.10. References, 281 11.11. Additional Resources, 281 Index, 283 List of Manuals, 293 C O NT E NT S v Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2017 American Water Works Assoc
31、iation. All Rights Reserved. vii Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M32 Figure 1-1 Overview of an example modeling process , 3 Figure 2-1 Basic model structures, 21 Figure 2-2 Moody diagram, 36 Figure 2-3 Geographic information system detail versus model detail, 38 Figure 2-4 Pump head characteristic curv
32、e, 39 Figure 2-5 Nodes in close proximity, 43 Figure 2-6 Pipe-split candidates, 44 Figure 2-7 Intersecting pipes (Note: Confirm pipes are connected), 44 Figure 2-8 Disconnected or orphan nodes, 45 Figure 2-9 Parallel pipes, 45 Figure 2-10 Disconnected pipes, 45 Figure 2-11 An example diurnal curve,
33、54 Figure 3-1 Site-specific map of planned fire flow test, 64 Figure 3-2 Field log of pressure recorder during a flow test, 65 Figure 3-3 Example fire flow test report, 66 Figure 3-4 Hydrant testing public notification sign, 69 Figure 3-5 Secured pressure-recording device on a hydrant, 69 Figure 3-6
34、 Chart of pressure logger system pressures, 70 Figure 3-7 Hand-held Pitot gauge, 71 Figure 3-8 Hand-held Pitot gauge in use, 72 Figure 3-9 Three general types of hydrant outlets: (A) 0.9 for round and smooth, (B) 0.8 for sharp and square, and (C) 0.7 for ports that protrude into the hydrant barrel,
35、72 Figure 3-10 Dechlorinating diffuser with manufacturer-supplied gauge, 73 Figure 3-11 Diffuser with pressure logger, 73 Figure 3-12 Traverse positions within a pipe with varying velocities, 74 Figure 3-13 Typical velocity profiles at two gauging points, 74 Figure 3-14 Schematic of a strap-on flowm
36、eter, 76 Figure 3-15 Schematic of propeller flowmeter and picture of turbine flowmeter, 76 Figure 3-16 Venturi tube in service, 76 Figure 3-17 Typical Venturi tube with manometer, 77 Figure 3-18 Magnetic meter, 78 Figure 3-19 Simplified fire flow test configuration, 80 Figure 3-20 Parallel hose meth
37、od for measuring head loss, 83 Figure 3-21 Two-gauge method for measuring head loss, 83 Figure 3-22 Pump test results, 84 Figures Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M32 Figure 3-23 Hydraulic gradient layout, 85 Figure 3-24 Hydraulic gradient test result
38、s, 86 Figure 3-25 Modified surplus street sign, directing flow into a catch basin, 87 Figure 4-1 Steady-state flow calibration, 104 Figure 4-2 Steady-state hydraulic grade line calibration, 105 Figure 4-3 Extended-period simulation hourly peaking factors, 107 Figure 4-4 Extended-period simulation wa
39、ter level calibration, 109 Figure 5-1 Pump rating curve versus system head curve, 122 Figure 5-2 Multiple pump rating curves, 123 Figure 5-3 Example pump efficiency curve, 123 Figure 5-4 Equalization storage requirements for maximum day conditions, 125 Figure 5-5 Storage allocation, 126 Figure 5-6 T
40、ypes of storage and elevation, 127 Figure 6-1 Typical diurnal demand patterns for different use categories, 136 Figure 6-2 Depthvolume relationship for a spherical tank, 138 Figure 6-3 Using supervisory control and data acquisition data in extended-period simulation models, 144 Figure 6-4 Examples o
41、f controls in EPANET, 146 Figure 6-5 Examples of EPS calibration graphs: (A) pressure, (B) flow, (C) tank levels, 148 Figure 6-6 Example utility demands versus time, 151 Figure 6-7 System physical parameters for extended-period simulation analysis, 151 Figure 6-8 Example of storage versus production
42、 for existing conditions, case 1, 152 Figure 6-9 Example of storage versus production with new production from well new production, case 2, 152 Figure 6-10 Example of storage versus production with new production (well 3) and storage (tank 3), case 3, 153 Figure 6-11 Comparing modeled pump output ag
43、ainst a pump curve, 155 Figure 6-12 Example of storage versus production with supply interruption and recovery, case 4, 156 Figure 6-13 Example of storage versus production with fire demand and recovery, case 5, 157 Figure 7-1 Illustration of water quality model equilibration, 167 Figure 7-2 Example
44、 results from thermistor study showing temperature variation in tank, 182 Figure 7-3 Protocol for chlorine decay bottle test, 183 Figure 7-4 Skeletonized representation of zone I of the North Marin Water District, 185 Figure 7-5 Comparison of observed and modeled sodium concentrations in the North M
45、arin Water District system, 186 viii COMPUTER MODELING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Copyright 2017 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. AWWA Manual M32 Figure 7-6 Average percent of Stafford Lake water in the North Marin Water District system, 187 Figure 7-7 Comparison of observed
46、 and modeled chlorine residual in the North Marin Water District system, 188 Figure 8-1 Schematic representation of the types of empirical models, 197 Figure 8-2 Tank water age calculated using an empirical model assuming complete mixing, 198 Figure 8-3 Effect of thermal differences for a tall tank,
47、 200 Figure 8-4 Effect of thermal differences for an elevated tank, 200 Figure 8-5 Effect of operational and design changes, 200 Figure 8-6 Water age distribution, 201 Figure 8-7 Flow paths in unbaffled and baffled storage tanks, 201 Figure 9-1 Overview of an example modeling process, 212 Figure 9-2
48、 Geographic information system editing sessions, nodes, and pipe labels; mislabeling causes disconnects in the model, 225 Figure 9-3 Typical model update protocol, 225 Figure 9-4 Model update process, 226 Figure 9-5 Work flow process flowchart, 229 Figure 9-6 Example of the drawing review process, 2
49、30 Figure 9-7 Model representation of proposed water main, 231 Figure 10-1 Example of steady-state transition after a period of rapid transients, 237 Figure 10-2 Transient caused by pump shutdown, 239 Figure 10-3 Transient caused by pump startup, 240 Figure 10-4 Transient caused by rapid valve opening, 240 Figure 10-5 Transient caused by rapid valve closing, 240 Figure 10-6a Rupture caused by valve closure, 241 Figure 10-6b Damaged pump bowl, 241 Figure 10-6c Broken air admission valve, 241 Figure 10-7 Varying pipeline profiles, 243 Figu
