1、 Operational Control of Coagulation and Filtration Processes AWWA MANUAL M37 Third Edition Manual of Water Supply Practices M37 , Third Edition Operational Control of Coagulation and Filtration Processes Copyright 1992, 2000, 2011 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this
2、 publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. The au
3、thors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. I
4、n particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon Project Manager: Martha Ripley
5、Gray Cover Art: Cheryl Armstrong Production: Darice Zimmermann, Zimm Services; George Zirfas, CDA Manuals Specialists: Molly Beach, Beth Behner Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Operational control of coagulation and filtration processes. - 3rd ed.p. cm. - (AWWA manual ; M37)Include
6、s bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-801-31. Water-Purification-Coagulation. 2. Water-PurificationDisinfection. I. American Water Works Association. TD455.O65 2010628.164-dc22 2010025238 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Aven
7、ue Denver, CO 80235-3098 Printed on recycled paper Contents Figures, v Tables, ix Acknowledgments, xi Introduction, xiii Particle and Natural Organic Matter Removal Chapter 1 in Drinking Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction, 1 Particles, 2 Na
8、tural Organic Matter, 6 Particle Stability and Coagulant Chemistry, 9 Particle and NOM Removal Processes, 12 Process Control Strategies, 15 References, 16 Jar Testing Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Introduction, 17 Preparing
9、for a Jar Test, 21 Special Applications, 48 References, 57 Online Sensors for Monitoring and Chapter 3 Controlling Coagulation and Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Introduction, 59 Process Applications of Online Sensors, 59 Turbidimeters: Technical Details, 64 Particle Count
10、ers: Technical Details, 80 Streaming Current Monitors: Technical Details, 88 Total Organic Carbon Analyzers: Technical Details, 90 Ultraviolet Absorbance/Transmittance Analyzers: Technical Details, 93 Online Monitoring of pH: Technical Details, 96 References, 99 Flocculation and Clarification Proces
11、ses Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Introduction, 101 Rapid Mix, 103 Flocculation, 105 Clarification, 110 References, 120 Filtration Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Introduction, 121 Pretreatment, 122 Pa
12、rticle Removal in Rapid Filtration, 123 iii Filter Operation and Management, 125 References, 130 Pilot Testing for Process Evaluation and Control Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Introduction, 131 Determining Piloting Goals, 132 Processes and Technologies, 134 Instrumentation, 140 Quality Contr
13、ol, 142 Special Testing, 142 Evaluation of Testing Results, 143 References, 147 Case Studies Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Case Study 1: Conversion From Alum to Ferric Sulfate at the Addison-Evans Water Treatment Plant, Cheste
14、rfield County, Va., 151 Case Study 2: Jar Test Calibration, 155 Case Study 3: Relationships Between Coagulation Parameters, Winston-Salem, N.C., 157 Case Study 4: NOM Measurements for Coagulation Control, 163 Case Study 5: Net Charge Equals Positive Change, 167 Case Study 6: Streaming Current Monito
15、r Pilot Study: The Detection of a Ferric Chloride Feed Failure, 171 Case Study 7: The Application of Simplified Process Statistical Variance Techniques to Improve the Analysis of Real-Time Filtration Performance, 175 Case Study 8: Online Monitoring Aids Operations at Clackamas River Water, 179 Case
16、Study 9: Palm Beach County Water Utilities Water Treatment Plant 8 Ferric Chloride Addition, 183 Appendix: Examples of Standard Operating Procedures, 189 Index, 217 List of AWWA Manuals, 225 iv Figures 1-1 Particulates present in source and finished water, 6 1-2 Coagulation (destabilization) mechani
17、sms for particulate contaminants, 12 1-3 Treatment train (from coagulation to filtration), 13 2-1 Use of jar tests to determine optimum flash mix conditions, 19 2-2 Example use of jar tests: Settled turbidity versus settling time, 21 2-3 Example use of graph for determining velocity gradient for jar
18、 test based on full-scale, 23 2-4 Example jar test unit, 24 2-5 Example jar test units, 4-jar and 6-jar systems, 24 2-6 Example jar test unit, 25 2-7 Example jar test unit, 25 2-8 Laboratory G curve for magnetic jar tester with gator jar, 27 2-9 Laboratory G curve for flat paddle in the gator jar, 2
19、8 2-10 Laboratory G curve for marine propeller in either the Hudson or gator jar, 29 2-11 Wooden holder for six dosing cups, 30 2-12 Septa bar, 30 2-13 Expressing coagulant doses in molar metal concentrations, 32 2-14 Example of micropipettes capable of dispensing 0.1 L to 2,500 L, 33 2-15 Example j
20、ar testing data sheet, 42 2-16 Example correlation between jar test results and full-scale plant performance, 45 2-17 Use of the jar test to select coagulant aids: Turbidity versus settling time, 45 2-18 Use of the jar test to optimize the coagulation pH: UV-254 versus alum dose, 46 2-19 Example use
21、 of the jar test: Flocculation time versus settled turbidity, 46 2-20 Use of the jar test to determine the optimum polymer dose: Turbidity versus dose and settling time, 47 2-21 Alum dose, ozone dose, THMFP topograph, 47 2-22 Filter Index Test apparatus, 51 2-23 Jar test equipment for DAF testing, 5
22、5 v vi 3-1 Basic design of a nephelometer, 67 3-2 Diagrams illustrating the difference between in-situ and sidestream turbidimeters, 72 3-3 Typical portable turbidimeter, 73 3-4 Laboratory turbidimeter commonly used in drinking water plants, 74 3-5 Optical geometry for a basic ratio system involving
23、 two detectors, 75 3-6 Theory of operation for a light obscuration particle counter, 81 3-7 Filtered water particle count data prepared to provide percentile analysis, 85 3-8 Particle count data for duration of filter run, 85 3-9 Schematic diagram of streaming current monitor, 89 3-10 Typical online
24、 TOC instruments, 91 3-11 Block diagram summary of TOC sample preparation, 92 3-12 Typical TOC prefiltration apparatus, 93 3-13 Examples of single-beam UV absorbance analyzers, 94 4-1 Effect of sequence of chemical addition on alum coagulation, 104 4-2 Effect of rapid-mixing time on settled turbidit
25、y, 105 4-3 Crossflow baffling configuration for horizontal flocculators, 107 4-4 Top view of plug flow baffling configuration for horizontal flocculators, 107 4-5 Seasonal variation in treatment for different flocculation configurations, 109 4-6 Flocculator/clarifier, 112 4-7 Blanket clarifier, 113
26、4-8 Tube settler installed in sedimentation basin, 114 4-9 Contact adsorption clarifier and multimedia gravity filter in series, 115 4-10 DAF process train, 118 4-11 In-filter DAF treatment train, 119 5-1 Size range of various filter types, 122 5-2 Particle removal in a granular filter, 123 5-3 Calc
27、ulated clean-bed single-collector removal efficiency as a function of particle size for two filtration velocities according to Tufenjki and Elimelech 2004 (d c= 0.5 mm, V = 5 and 20 m/hr, T = 20C, p= 1,050 kg/m 3 , 0= 0.4, H = 1.0 10 20 J), 124 5-4 Typical filter breakthrough curve, 126 vii vii vii
28、6-1 Example of pilot-scale flocculation basins, 135 6-2 Schematic of the Superpulsator solids contact clarifier process, 137 6-3 Schematic of the Actiflo ballasted flocculation clarification process, 138 6-4 Example of a pilot-scale DAF basin with scraper-type sludge removal, 139 6-5 Example of pilo
29、t filter gallery showing dedicated turbidimeters and differential pressure transmitters sending data to a central data acquisition system, 140 7.1-1 Effect of conversion from alum to ferric sulfate on TOC removal at Chesterfield County, Va., 152 7.1-2 Settled turbidity contours for ferric sulfate at
30、 Chesterfield County, Va., 152 7.1-3 Effect of conversion from alum to ferric sulfate on THM formation at Chesterfield County, Va., 153 7.1-4 Effect of conversion from alum to ferric sulfate on HAA5 formation at Chesterfield County, Va., 153 7.3-1 Effect of pH and alum dose on zeta potential contour
31、s (case 1), 159 7.3-2 Effect of pH and alum dose on Filter Index contours (case 1), 159 7.3-3 Effect of pH and alum dose on settled turbidity (case 1), 160 7.3-4 Effect of pH and alum dose on zeta potential contours (case 2), 160 7.3-5 Relation between UV 254and zeta potential (case 2), 161 7.3-6 UV
32、 254 ZP data from multisource, multiseason testing at Winston-Salem, N.C., 161 7.3-7 Shift in zero zeta potential curves in relation to ZPUV 254slope, 162 7.4-1 Relationship between raw water quality parameters and coagulant dose for the Glenmore WTP, 165 7.5-1 Kamloops streaming current monitor (SC
33、M) configuration, 169 7.5-2 Optimum plant performance, 169 7.6-1 SCM, pH, and settled water turbidity data during coagulant feed pump failure, 173 7.6-2 SCM and filter effluent turbidity data during coagulant feed pump failure, 174 7.7-1 Measurement of turbidity and the variability of the turbidity
34、measurement from the effluent stream of a granular anthracite dual-media filter, 177 7.9-1 Turbidity before addition of ferric chloride, August 2006, 186 7.9-2 Turbidity after addition of ferric chloride, September 2006, 187 This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank. ix Tables 1-1
35、 Regulatory requirements for particle and NOM removals, 4 1-2 Guidelines on the nature of NOM and expected DOC removals, 8 1-3 Summary of coagulant solubility, 10 2-1 Settling velocity conversion factors for clarification basins, 20 2-2 Factors for determining molar metal dosage, 31 3-1 Typical onli
36、ne sensors used in coagulation and filtration applications, 60 3-2 Common turbidimeter problems and troubleshooting approaches, 79 3-3 Appropriate application for given turbidimeter technologies, 80 4-1 Multiplier factors to convert horsepower/1,000 gal to G at various temperatures, 103 6-1 Example
37、pilot treatment goals, 133 6-2 Example evaluation criterion for a hypothetical pilot testing program, 145 7.2-1 Example calibration testing sequence, 156 7.4-1 Analytical instrumentation used at the Glenmore WTP for monitoring raw water quality, 164 7.9-1 Water quality characteristics before ferric
38、addition, 184 7.9-2 Customer complaints showing reduction after 2005, 185 7.9-3 Water quality characteristics after ferric addition, 185 7.9-4 Sludge analysis for land application purposes, 186 This page intentionally blank. This page intentionally blank.Acknowledgments The first edition of AWWA Man
39、ual M37 (1992) was prepared by the Coagulation and Filtration Committee of the AWWA Water Quality Division under the direction of David A. Cornwell, who served as overall coordinator and technical editor. The second edition of the manual (2000) was also prepared by the Coagulation and Filtration Com
40、mittee of the AWWA Water Quality Division under the direction of David J. Hiltebrand, with special assistance from Peter Pommerenk in reviewing the manual for content and consistency. Matt Alvarez and Gary Schafran provided addi- tional reviews and recommendations. The third edition of the manual wa
41、s also prepared by the Coagulation and Fil- tration Committee of the AWWA Water Quality Division under the direction of Cory Johnson and Elizabeth Pyles, with special assistance from Gary Logsdon, who served as the technical editor. Garys assistance and familiarity with previous M37 editions were in
42、valuable to the completion of the third revision. Authors of M37 include: Chapter 1: Kwok-Keung (Amos) Au, Greeley and Hansen, Chicago, Ill.; Scott M. Alpert, Hazen and Sawyer, Charlotte, N.C.; David J. Pernitsky, CH2M HILL, Calgary, Alta. Chapter 2: Susan Teefy, Water Quality James Farmerie, ITT Wa
43、ter Elizabeth Pyles, Orica Watercare Inc., Dry Ridge, Ky. Chapter 3: Robert Bryant, Chemtrac Systems Inc., Norcross, Ga.; Michael Sadar, Hach Company, Loveland, Colo.; David J. Pernitsky, CH2M HILL, Calgary, Alta. Chapter 4: George Budd, Black James Farmerie, ITT Water Paul Hargette, Black Rasheed A
44、hmad, Depart- ment of Watershed Management, City of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga. Chapter 6: Orren Schneider, American Water, Voorhees, N.J.; James Farmerie, ITT Water Gary Logsdon, Consultant, Lake Ann, Mich. Chapter 7: A compilation of case studies with authorship of each case study listed Case Study 1: G
45、eorge Budd, Black George Duval, Chester- field County, Va., Midlothian, Va. Case Study 2: George Budd, Black Paul Hargette, Black Paul Hargette, Black Bill Brewer, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County, City/County Utilities, Winston-Salem, N.C. xi xii Case Study 4: Tom Elford, City of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
46、.; David J. Pernitsky, CH2M HILL, Calgary, Alta. Case Study 5: David Teasdale, City of Kamloops, Kamloops, B.C. Case Study 6: Michael Sadar, Hach Company, Loveland, Colo. Case Study 7: Michael Sadar, Hach Company, Loveland, Colo. Case Study 8: Robert D. Cummings, Clackamas River Water, Clackamas, Or
47、e. Case Study 9: Tim McAleer, Palm Beach County Water Utilities, Palm Beach, Fla.; Jose Gonzalez, PVS Technologies, Detroit, Mich. This manual was approved by the AWWA Coagulation and Filtration Committee. Members of the committee at the time of approval of this third edition were as follows: R. Ahm
48、ad, City of Atlanta, Department of Watershed Management, Alpharetta, Ga. S. Alpert, HDR Engineering Inc., Charlotte, N.C. A. Au, Greeley and Hansen, Chicago, Ill. R. Brown, EE&T, Newport News, Va. B. Bryant, Chemtrac, Norcross, Ga. G. Budd, Black & Veatch, Harborton, Va. K. Castro, GHD, Cazenovia, N
49、.Y. S. Clark, HDR Engineering Inc., Denver, Colo. K. Comstock, Brown & Caldwell, Atlanta, Ga. S. Crawford, CDM, Dallas, Texas J. Farmerie, ITT Leopold, Zelienople, Pa. T. Getting, ITT Leopold, Zelienople, Pa. J. Gonzales, PVS Technologies, South New Berlin, N.Y. S. Hardy, Hazen & Sawyer, Atlanta, Ga. P. Hargette, Black & Veatch, Greenville, S.C. E. Harrington, AWWA Staff Advisor, Denver, Colo. C. Johnson, CH2M HILL, Orlando, Fla. W. ONeil, CDM, Carlsbad, Calif. D. Pernitsky, CH2M HILL, Calgary, Alta. J. Pressman, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio E.
