1、Science and Technology AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality impr
2、ovement programs for water and wastewater utilities. Waterborne Pathogens AWWA MANUAL M48 Second EditionMANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICESM48, Second Edition Waterborne Pathogens Copyright 1999, 2006 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
3、 transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, e
4、ditors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidential, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA
5、will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Christensen Produced by Glacier Publishing Servic
6、es, Inc. Manual Coordinator: Beth Behner Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waterborne pathogens.-2nd ed. p. cm. - (AWWA manual ; M48) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58321-403-8 1. Water-supply-Health aspects. 2. Waterborne infection. 3. Pathogenic microorganis
7、ms. I. American Water Works Association. II. Series. TD491.A49 no. M48 2006 RA642 628.1 s-dc22 363.61 2005058192 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 ISBN 1-58321-403-8 Printed on recycled paperContents iii List of Fig
8、ures, xv List of Tables, xix Preface, xxi Acknowledgments, xxiii Section I Introduction to Water Quality Chapter 1 Waterborne Disease Outbreaks: Their Causes, P r o b l e m s , a n d C h a l l e n g e s t o T r e a t m e n t B a r r i e r s 3 Introduction, 3 Statistics, 4 Outbreak Reporting, 7 Cause
9、s of Outbreaks, 8 Microbial Water Quality During Outbreaks, 11 Coliform Regulations and Outbreaks, 12 Etiologic Agents, 14 Waterborne Pathogens of Emerging Concern, 16 Summary, 17 Bibliography, 18 Chapter 2 Water Quality in Source Water, Treatment, and D i s t r i b u t i o n S y s t e m s . 2 1 Mul
10、tiple-Barrier Concept, 21 Source Water Quality, 22 Water Quality in Treatment Systems, 24 Water Quality in Distribution Systems, 26 Security, 28 Summary, 32 Bibliography, 32 Chapter 3 Water Quality Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing . . . . 35 Monitoring, 35 Sampling Issues and Techniques, 43 Laborat
11、ory Selection, 52 Use of Results, 53 Bibliography, 57 Chapter 4 Molecular Detection of Waterborne Microorganisms . . . 59 Sample Recovery, Concentration, and Extraction, 60 Detection Methods, 63 Quantification, 67 Viability and Infectivity, 68 Alternative Methods, 69 Bibliography, 69iv Section II In
12、troduction to Bacterial Pathogenic Agents Traditional Bacterial Pathogens, 73 New or Emerging Pathogens, 74 Chapter 5 A c i n e t o b a c t e r . 75 Description of the Agent, 75 Description of the Disease, 75 Reservoirs for the Agent, 76 Mode of Transmission, 77 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 77 O
13、ccurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 77 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 78 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 78 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 78 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 78 Bibliography, 78 Chapter 6 Aeromo
14、nas 8 1 Description of the Agent, 81 Description of the Disease, 81 Reservoirs for the Agent, 82 Mode of Transmission, 82 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 83 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 83 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 83 Documented Waterborne Outbrea
15、ks, 84 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 84 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 84 Bibliography, 85 Chapter 7 C a m p y l o b a c t e r 87 Description of the Agent, 87 Description of the Disease, 87 Reservoirs for the Agent, 87 Mode of Transmission, 88 Meth
16、ods for Detecting the Agent, 88 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 89 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 90 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 90 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 90 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 90
17、Bibliography, 90 Chapter 8 Cyanobacteria 93 Description of the Agent, 93 Description of the Disease, 93 Reservoirs for the Agent, 94 Mode of Transmission, 94 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 95 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 95v Survival of the Agent in the Environm
18、ent, 95 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 96 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 96 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 96 Bibliography, 97 Chapter 9 Enterohemorrhagic E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i . 99 Description of the Agent, 99 Description of the Disease,
19、99 Reservoirs for the Agent, 100 Mode of Transmission, 100 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 100 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 100 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 100 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 101 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 101 Nati
20、onal or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 101 Bibliography, 101 Chapter 10 E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i.103 Description of the Agent, 103 Description of the Disease, 103 Reservoirs for the Agent, 104 Mode of Transmission, 104 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 104 Occurrence of
21、 the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 105 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 105 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 105 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 106 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 106 Bibliography, 106 Chapter 11 F l a v o b
22、 a c t e r i u m.107 Description of the Agent, 107 Description of the Disease, 107 Reservoirs for the Agent, 107 Mode of Transmission, 107 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 108 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 108 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 108 Documente
23、d Waterborne Outbreaks, 109 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 109 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 109 Bibliography, 109 Chapter 12 Helicobacter pylori 1 1 1 Description of the Agent, 111 Description of the Disease 111 Reservoirs for the Agent, 112 Mode
24、of Transmission, 112vi Methods for Detecting the Agent, 112 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 112 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 113 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 113 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 113 National or International Guidelines and
25、 Monitoring Recommendations, 113 Bibliography, 113 Chapter 13 Klebsiella 1 1 5 Description of the Agent, 115 Description of the Disease, 115 Reservoirs for the Agent, 115 Mode of Transmission, 117 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 117 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 1
26、17 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 117 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 117 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 118 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 118 Bibliography, 118 Chapter 14 Legionella .1 1 9 Description of the Agent, 119 Description of t
27、he Disease, 119 Reservoirs for the Agent, 120 Mode of Transmission, 120 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 120 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 121 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 121 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 122 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Proces
28、ses, 122 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 123 Bibliography, 124 Chapter 15 Mycobacterium avium C o m p l e x . 1 2 5 Description of the Agent, 125 Description of the Disease, 125 Reservoirs for the Agent, 125 Mode of Transmission, 125 Methods for Detecting the Age
29、nt, 126 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 126 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 126 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 127 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 127 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 128 Bibliography, 129 C
30、hapter 16 Pseudomonas 1 3 1 Description of the Agent, 131 Description of the Disease, 131 Reservoirs for the Agent, 131vii Mode of Transmission, 132 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 132 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 132 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 133
31、 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 133 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 134 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 134 Bibliography, 134 Chapter 17 S a l m o n e l l a .135 Description of the Agent, 135 Description of the Disease, 135 Reservoirs for the Agent,
32、 136 Mode of Transmission, 136 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 136 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 136 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 137 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 138 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 138 National or International Guidel
33、ines and Monitoring Recommendations, 139 Bibliography, 139 Chapter 18 Serratia 1 4 1 Description of the Agent, 141 Description of the Disease, 141 Reservoirs for the Agent, 141 Mode of Transmission, 141 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 142 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environm
34、ent, 142 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 143 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 143 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 143 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 143 Bibliography, 143 Chapter 19 S h i g e l l a145 Description of the Agent, 145 Descripti
35、on of the Disease, 145 Reservoirs for the Agent, 145 Mode of Transmission, 145 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 146 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 146 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 146 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 146 National or International Guidel
36、ines and Monitoring Recommendations, 148 Bibliography, 148 Chapter 20 Staphylococcus .1 4 9 Description of the Agent, 149 Description of the Disease, 150viii Reservoirs for the Agent, 150 Mode of Transmission, 150 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 150 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and t
37、he Environment, 150 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 151 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 151 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 152 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 152 Bibliography, 152 Chapter 21 V i b r i o c h o l e r a e 153 Description of
38、the Agent, 153 Description of the Disease, 153 Reservoirs for the Agent, 153 Mode of Transmission, 154 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 154 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 155 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 155 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 155 Effectiv
39、eness of Water Treatment Processes, 155 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 156 Bibliography, 156 Chapter 22 Y e r s i n i a 157 Description of the Agent, 157 Description of the Disease, 157 Reservoirs for the Agent, 158 Mode of Transmission, 158 Methods for Detectin
40、g the Agent, 158 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 159 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 159 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 159 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 160 National or International Guidelines and Monitoring Recommendations, 160 Bibliograp
41、hy, 160 Section III Introduction to Parasitic Pathogenic Agents Chapter 23 Acanthamoeba s p p . 1 6 5 Description of the Agent, 165 Description of the Disease, 166 Reservoirs for the Agent, 167 Mode of Transmission, 167 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 167 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals,
42、 and the Environment, 167 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 168 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 168 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 168 Bibliography, 168ix Chapter 24 Ascaris lumbricoides .1 7 1 Description of the Agent, 171 Description of the Disease, 173 Reservoirs for the Age
43、nt, 173 Mode of Transmission, 174 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 174 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 174 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 175 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 179 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 179 Bibliography, 179 Chapter 25
44、B a l a m u t h i a m a n d r i l l a r i s.181 Description of the Agent, 181 Description of the Disease, 181 Reservoirs for the Agent, 182 Mode of Transmission, 182 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 182 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 183 Survival of the Agent in the
45、 Environment, 183 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 183 Bibliography, 183 Chapter 26 Balantidium coli.1 8 5 Description of the Agent, 185 Description of the Disease, 185 Reservoirs for the Agent, 187 Mode of Transmission, 187 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 187 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Ani
46、mals, and the Environment, 187 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 187 Bibliography, 188 Chapter 27 B l a s t o c y s t i s h o m i n i s 189 Description of the Agent, 189 Description of the Disease, 190 Reservoirs for the Agent, 190 Mode of Transmission, 191 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 1
47、91 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 191 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 191 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 191 Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 192 Bibliography, 192 Chapter 28 Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis 1 9 3 Description
48、 of the Agent, 193 Description of the Disease, 194 Reservoirs for the Agent, 194x Mode of Transmission, 195 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 195 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 195 Survival of the Agent in the Environment, 196 Documented Waterborne Outbreaks, 196 Eff
49、ectiveness of Water Treatment Processes, 196 Bibliography, 197 Chapter 29 C y c l o s p o r a c a y e t a n e n s i s 199 Description of the Agent, 199 Description of the Disease, 199 Reservoirs for the Agent, 200 Mode of Transmission, 200 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 201 Occurrence of the Agent in People, Animals, and the Environment, 201 Bibliography, 202 Chapter 30 Entamoeba histolytica.2 0 3 Description of the Agent, 203 Description of the Disease, 204 Reservoirs for the Agent, 205 Mode of Transmission, 205 Methods for Detecting the Agent, 205 Occurrence of the Agent in Pe
